The problem with overconfidence. To help correct your overconfidence we have a tabletop game launching. Pledge your support now on kickstarter! – https://ve42.co/ocdsc

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates – https://ve42.co/Newsletter

▀▀▀
CHAPTERS:
0:00 The Most Dangerous Cognitive Bias
3:01 How confident are you that you are right?
7:40 Why are people overconfident?
8:53 The Real Dunning-Kruger Effect Graph
10:22 How Your Brain Takes Shortcuts
14:02 How overconfidence is good for you
15:55 Nick Leeson Rogue Trader
17:17 The Importance of Feedback
18:45 How One of England’s Oldest Banks Collapsed
20:41 How To Correct Overconfidence

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A big thanks to Professor Moore and Professor Fischhoff

Thank you to everyone who played the game with us @hankschannel, @fryrsquared, @NileRed , @astrumspace, @MinutePhysics and @LookingGlassUniverse

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References: https://ve42.co/OverconfidenceRefs

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures & wolfee

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Writers: Gabe Strong & Derek Muller
Producer & Director: Gabe Strong
Editor: Max Tobin
Additional Editors: James Stuart, Peter Nelson and Jack Saxon
Camera Operator: Casper Mebius and Gabe Strong
Animators: Alex Drakoulis & Fabio Albertelli
Illustrator: Jakub Misiek
Researchers: Naomi Dinmore
Additional researchers: Callum Cuttle
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Josh Pitt, Matthew Cavanagh & Anna Milkovic
Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Zoe Heron

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

The world’s first look inside a thermite reaction.

Giants of Patagonia, Magellan, and his trip around the world—one of the most extraordinary adventures in history. In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan led a fleet westward from Spain, seeking a route to the Spice Islands and encountering the fabled Giants of Patagonia along the way. His expedition crossed the uncharted Pacific, endured starvation and disease, and saw nearly the entire crew perish. Though Magellan himself died in the Philippines, his surviving men, led by Juan Sebastián Elcano, completed the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1522, returning with a single ship and a cargo of cloves that proved the world could be sailed in one continuous voyage.

Please check out my Members Only Channel for Exclusive content! Thanks for the support! – https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfD1izC-DAoTSm5LCbs4AIQ/join

Muir Way Maps are on Sale! Search your Home State Map. Please give me credit for your purchase in the Post Purchase Survey – https://linktr.ee/incredhistory

My Book Enigmatic North America: Legends, Oddities, and Controversial History is available on Amazon – https://linktr.ee/incredhistory

Thanks for watching my videos!

Bibliography – THE FIRST VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD, MAGELLAN – Antonio Pigafetta

Music by CO.AG
03 Ambient Soundscapes the Edge of Silence
Wonderful Things
From Darkness
Wade into the Quiet of the Stream
My Sins Alone will Wake the Dead

Friar Gaspar de Carvajal’s chronicle describes in haunting detail a lost civilization on the Amazon River. In 1541, a band of Spanish conquistadors servants of the Spanish Empire set out from Peru in search of gold, cinnamon, and glory. What they found instead were vast river cities, fierce warrior women, and an organized civilization that no one in Europe believed could exist.

Led by Gonzalo Pizarro and his lieutenant Francisco de Orellana, the expedition crossed the Andes east of Quito and descended into the green abyss of the unknown. What began as a royal mission for riches became one of the most harrowing journeys in history. Only Friar Carvajal survived to tell the tale—his writings preserving the first European eyewitness account of the Amazon River and the mysterious people who lived along its shores.

Thanks for watching my vids! Check out my Members Channel which features Exclusive Videos. $5 a month and it really helps support my work! I have over 20 videos added for you to enjoy 🙌. Check out the playlist and see if anything catches your eye! – https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UUMOfD1izC-DAoTSm5LCbs4AIQ

The Maps are for sale! Search your home state map at the following link and I will get some credit for your purchase. Thanks so much for watching my videos! https://linktr.ee/incredhistory

I wrote a book titled “Enigmatic North America: Legends, Oddities, and Controversial History” and I hope you get a chance to read it! – https://linktr.ee/incredhistory

Bibliography – The Relacion of Gaspar de Carvajal – The Discovery of the Amazon

Music by CO.AG –

I will Awaken when the Sun Sleeps
Village of the Damned
Swamp Dweller
Phantom of the Flannans
My Lost City
Frozen In Time
The Stanley Hotel
Sacred
Prometheus
Lahad
Alone on Stage
Wonderful Things

Most people don’t fully understand evolution. Sponsored by Hostinger – visit https://ve42.co/hostingern8n and use the code VERITASIUM to get an extra discount on top of the sale prices.

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up for the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates – https://ve42.co/Newsletter

We have a tabletop game launching! Pledge your support now – https://ve42.co/KickStarterD

▀▀▀
0:00 Why does poop smell bad?
2:51 The Beginning Life
7:15 What is gene mutation?
8:01 Simulating Evolution
13:25 How natural selection works
16:39 What do we pass on?
19:40 Kin Selection
22:04 The Selfish Gene
25:35 It’s all a simulation

▀▀▀
A big thanks to Dr. Jack Szostak at the University of Chicago, Dr. John Sutherland at Cambridge University, Dr. Joanna Masel at the University of Arizona & Dr. Gerald Joyce at the Salk Institute for their expertise and help with the video.

And a huge thank you to Joe Hanson from @besmart for his help!

Check out @PrimerBlobs here!

Check out Richard Dawkins’ The Selfish Gene here – https://ve42.co/SGRD

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References: https://ve42.co/SelfishGeneRefs

Images & Video:
Emperor Penguins Chicks via National Geographic – https://ve42.co/NatGeoPenguin
Child in bed – https://ve42.co/FeverChild
Photo of G.C. Williams – https://ve42.co/GCWilliams
Photo of J. M. Smith – https://ve42.co/JMSmith
Photo of Bob Trivers – https://ve42.co/RTrivers

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Anupam Banerjee, armedtoe, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

▀▀▀

Writers: Gregor Čavlović, Casper Mebius, Daniel Leonard & Derek Muller
Producer & Director: Gregor Čavlović
Editor: Peter Nelson
Camera Operator: Andrew Abballe
Animators: Fabio Albertelli, Andrew Neet, Emma Wright & Peter Nelson
Illustrator: Jakub Misiek
Simulations: Callum Cuttle
Researchers: Aakash Singh Bagga & Callum Cuttle
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Josh Pitt, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovic & Zoe Heron
Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

This is the world’s largest skateboard ramp from @redbull

Sandro Dias broke two world records skating down it but all we could think was…

Why didn’t he start from the very top?

Join my exclusive community: https://farzad.fm

Wrap your Tesla using TESBROS: https://partners.tesbros.com/FARZADMESBAHI
Get $100 off Matic Robots: https://maticrobots.refr.cc/active-customers/u/farzadm?s=sp&t=cp
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Join this channel to get access to perks:
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I worked at Tesla starting from 2017 thru 2021. I spent most of my time in the distribution and supply chain organizations in leadership positions.

Before Tesla, I was a Director of Business Intelligence and Pricing at the largest Pet Food & Supply distributor in the US, Phillips Pet Food & Supplies. My wife and I also owned a small business in Bethlehem, PA between 2016 and 2019.

I have been a shareholder of Tesla since 2012 and currently own Tesla stock. Nothing I say constitutes as investment or financial advice.

My thoughts are my own and are not representative of everyone who currently works, or has worked at Tesla, Phillips, or any other company or organization I discuss on this channel.

If you like this content I would greatly appreciate your likes and shares!

#elonmusk #tesla #tsla #investing #teslanews #teslamodely #teslamodel3 #teslamodels #teslacybertruck #teslastock

The Greatest Survival Story of All Time. Follow Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, one of the few survivors of the doomed Narváez expedition, as he endures shipwreck, slavery, starvation, and miracles across an untamed North America. From the coast of Florida to the deserts of Mexico, this cinematic retelling explores faith, endurance, and the rebirth of a man who lost everything and found the divine in the wilderness. He is said to have healed the sick and raised the dead.

Search your home state! Buy a Map and help support my channel 🙏🏻 – https://linktr.ee/incredhistory

My book Enigmatic North America: Legends, Oddities, and Controversial History – https://linktr.ee/incredhistory

Join my Members Page for $5 a month for Exclusive Video access – https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UUMOfD1izC-DAoTSm5LCbs4AIQ

Bibliography –

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca – CHRONICLE OF THE NARVÁEZ EXPEDITION – Translation by David Frye – https://archive.org/details/alvar-cabeza-de-vaca-chronicle-of-the-narvaez-expedition/page/n3/mode/2up

The Journey of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions from Florida to the Pacific 1528 – 1536

Conquistador Voices by Kevin Siepel

Music by CO.AG

You keep the stare constant and never blink

Aeroponics Full Mix

Will Curiosities Outweigh Your Fear

06 Ambient Soundscapes The Edge of Silence

What does it mean to solve a quadratic equation by ‘completing the square’? Here it is explained visually.

A general solution to the cubic equation was long considered impossible, until we gave up the requirement that math reflect reality.

Step aboard the ships of Christopher Columbus and witness the history as he and others that participated wrote themselves.

This Cinematic History video retraces all four voyages across the Atlantic, drawn directly from the journals and letters of Columbus and others aboard. From the triumph of 1492 to shipwreck.

As storms, starvation, and rebellion closed in, Columbus claimed a blood moon prophecy foretold by God would save him and it did. This is not the textbook version. This is the story in his own words that shaped the Age of Exploration. His Voyages started the era of the Spanish Conquistadors.

Some parts of this video will be disturbing. Viewer discretion is advised.

This is the the true story of Christopher Columbus’s Four Voyages, the Blood Moon Prophecy, and the Birth of the New World.

Buy a Map/my Book with this link Thanks for all the support! – https://linktr.ee/incredhistory

Sources/Bibliography:

Columbus probably Spanish and Jewish, study says – https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg2049ezpko.amp

Christopher Columbus, “Journal of the First Voyage of Columbus,”
in Journal of Christopher Columbus (during his first voyage, 1492-
93), and Documents Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and
Gaspar Corte Real, edited and translated by Clements R. Markham
(London: Hakluyt Society, 1893), 15-193.

The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus
by his son Ferdinand

Michele de Cuneo’s Letter on the Second Voyage

Conquistador Voices by Kevin Siepel

Music by CO.AG

Wonderful Things

Project 1 Tundra Ice Ambient Sound

Time to start again Extended Mix

02 The Edge of Silence

I will Awaken when the sun sleeps

That Mindset

Wonderful Things

Do the Lies you told seem shameful