Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Quantum mechanics has a lot of weird stuff – but there’s thing that everyone agrees that no one understands. I’m talking about quantum spin. Let’s find out how chasing this elusive little behavior of the electron led us to some of the deepest insights into the nature of the quantum world.

Spin Renderings by the Incredible Jason Hise
http://entropygames.net/

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Graeme Gossel & Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria
GFX Visualizations: Katherine Kornei
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Assistant Producer: Setare Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka

Special Thanks to Our Patreon Supporters

Big Bang Supporters
Kyle Bulloch
Ananth Rao S
Charlie
Mrs. Tiffany Poindexter
Leo Koguan
Sandy Wu
Matthew Miller
Scott Gray
Ahmad Jodeh
Radu Negulescu
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Fabrice Eap
Mark Rosenthal
David Nicklas

Quasar Supporters
Ethan Cohen
Stephen Wilcox
Christina Oegren
Mark Heising
Hank S

Hypernova Supporters
william bryan
Marc Armstrong
Scott Gorlick
Nick Berard
Paul Stehr-Green
Muon Marketing
Russell Pope
Ben Delo
L. Wayne Ausbrooks
Nicholas Newlin
DrJYou
Антон Кочков
John R. Slavik
Mathew
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
John Pollock
Edmund Fokschaner
Joseph Salomone
Matthew O’Connor
chuck zegar
Jordan Young
m0nk
Julien Dubois
John Hofmann
Daniel Muzquiz
Timothy McCulloch

Gamma Ray Burst
Kent Durham
jim bartosh
Nubble
Chris Navrides
Scott R Calkins
Carl Scaggs
G Mack
The Mad Mechanic
Ellis Hall
John H. Austin, Jr.
Diana S
Ben Campbell
Lawrence Tholl, DVM
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Alex Edwards
Ádám Kettinger
MD3
Endre Pech
Daniel Jennings
Cameron Sampson
Pratik Mukherjee
Geoffrey Clarion
Nate
Adrian Posor
Darren Duncan
Russ Creech
Jeremy Reed
Derek Davis
Eric Webster
Steven Sartore
David Johnston
J. King
Michael Barton
Christopher Barron
James Ramsey
Drew Hart
Justin Jermyn
Mr T
Andrew Mann
Jeremiah Johnson
Peter Mertz
Isaac Suttell
Devon Rosenthal
Oliver Flanagan
Bleys Goodson
Darryl J Lyle
Robert Walter
Bruce B
Ismael Montecel
Simon Oliphant
Mirik Gogri
Mark Daniel Cohen
Brandon Lattin
Nickolas Andrew Freeman
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Robert Ilardi
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Martin Skans
Michael Conroy
Graydon Goss
Frederic Simon
Tonyface
John Robinson
A G
Kevin Lee
Adrian Hatch
Yurii Konovaliuk
John Funai
Cass Costello
Tristan Deloche
Bradley Jenkins
Kyle Hofer
Daniel Stříbrný
Luaan
AlecZero
Vlad Shipulin
Cody
Malte Ubl
King Zeckendorff
Nick Virtue
Scott Gossett
Dan Warren
Patrick Sutton
John Griffith
Daniel Lyons
DFaulk
GrowingViolet
Kevin Warne
Andreas Nautsch
Brandon labonte

Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Entropy is surely one of the most perplexing concepts in physics. It’s variously described as a measure of a system’s disorder – or as the amount of useful work that you can get from it – or as the information hidden by the system. Despite the seeming ambiguity in its definition, many physicists hold entropy to be behind one of the most fundamental laws of physics.

Entropy Explained Playlist
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsPUh22kYmNCzNFNDwxIug8q1Zz0Mj60H

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime
NORAD Paper:: https://web.archive.org/web/20100714011725/http://webpages.charter.net/dkessler/files/SourcesofOrbitalDebris.pdf

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Katherine McCormick & Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria
GFX Visualizations: Katherine Kornei
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Assistant Producer: Setare Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0Q

Special thanks to Our Patreon Supporters

Big Bang Supporters
Charlie
Mrs. Tiffany Poindexter
Leo Koguan
Sandy Wu
Matthew Miller
Scott Gray
Ahmad Jodeh
Radu Negulescu
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Fabrice Eap
Mark Rosenthal
David Nicklas

Quasar Supporters
Ethan Cohen
Stephen Wilcox
Christina Oegren
Mark Heising
Hank S

Hypernova Supporters
william bryan
Marc Armstrong
Scott Gorlick
Nick Berard
Paul Stehr-Green
Adam Walters
Russell Pope
Ben Delo
L. Wayne Ausbrooks
Nicholas Newlin
DrJYou
Антон Кочков
John R. Slavik
Mathew
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
John Pollock
Edmund Fokschaner
Joseph Salomone
Matthew O’Connor
chuck zegar
Jordan Young
m0nk
Julien Dubois
John Hofmann
Daniel Muzquiz
Timothy McCulloch

Gamma Ray Burst Supporters
Jim Bartosh
Nubble
Chris Navrides
Scott R Calkins
Carl Scaggs
G Mack
The Mad Mechanic
Ellis Hall
John H. Austin, Jr.
Diana S
Ben Campbell
Lawrence Tholl, DVM
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Alex Edwards
Ádám Kettinger
MD3
Endre Pech
Daniel Jennings
Cameron Sampson
Pratik Mukherjee
Geoffrey Clarion
Nate
Adrian Posor
Darren Duncan
Russ Creech
Jeremy Reed
Derek Davis
Eric Webster
Steven Sartore
David Johnston
J. King
Michael Barton
Christopher Barron
James Ramsey
Drew Hart
Justin Jermyn
Mr T
Andrew Mann
Jeremiah Johnson
Peter Mertz
Kevin O’Connell
Isaac Suttell
Devon Rosenthal
Oliver Flanagan
Bleys Goodson
Darryl J Lyle
Robert Walter
Bruce B
Ismael Montecel
Simon Oliphant
Mirik Gogri
Mark Daniel Cohen
Brandon Lattin
Nickolas Andrew Freeman
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Robert Ilardi
Astaurus
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Martin Skans
Michael Conroy
Graydon Goss
Frederic Simon
Tonyface
John Robinson
A G
Kevin Lee
Adrian Hatch
Yurii Konovaliuk
John Funai
Cass Costello
Tristan Deloche
Bradley Jenkins
Kyle Hofer
Daniel Stříbrný
Luaan
AlecZero
Vlad Shipulin
Cody
Malte Ubl
King Zeckendorff
Nick Virtue
Scott Gossett
Dan Warren
Patrick Sutton
John Griffith
Daniel Lyons
DFaulk
GrowingViolet
Kevin Warne
Andreas Nautsch
Brandon labonte

Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

How many times can I half the distance between my hands? Assume perfect coordination and the ability to localize my palms to the quantum level. 15 halvings gets them to within a cell’s width. 33 to within a single atom, 50 and they’re a proton’s width apart. Half the distance 115 times and they’re a single Planck-length apart – 1.6×10^-35 meters. Surely we can keep going – .8, .4, .2 x10^-35 m? Bizarrely, those distances might not even exist in any meaningful way.

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria
GFX Visualizations: Katherine Kornei
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Assistant Producer: Setare Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0Q

Special Thanks to Our Patreon Supporters

Big Bang Supporters
Charlie
Mrs. Tiffany Poindexter
Leo Koguan
Sandy Wu
Matthew Miller
Scott Gray
Ahmad Jodeh
Radu Negulescu
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Fabrice Eap
Mark Rosenthal
David Nicklas

Quasar Supporters
Stephen Wilcox
Christina Oegren
Mark Heising
Hank S

Hypernova Supporters
william bryan
Marc Armstrong
Scott Gorlick
Nick Berard
Paul Stehr-Green
MuON Marketing
Russell Pope
Ben Delo
L. Wayne Ausbrooks
Nicholas Newlin
DrJYou
Антон Кочков
John R. Slavik
Mathew
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
John Pollock
Edmund Fokschaner
Joseph Salomone
Matthew O’Connor
chuck zegar
Jordan Young
m0nk
Julien Dubois
John Hofmann
Daniel Muzquiz
Timothy McCulloch

Gamma Ray Burst Supporters
Nubble
Chris Navrides
Scott R Calkins
Carl Scaggs
G Mack
The Mad Mechanic
Ellis Hall
John H. Austin, Jr.
Diana S
Ben Campbell
Lawrence Tholl, DVM
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Alex Edwards
Nick
Ádám Kettinger
MD3
Endre Pech
Daniel Jennings
Cameron Sampson
Pratik Mukherjee
Geoffrey Clarion
Nate
Adrian Posor
Darren Duncan
Russ Creech
Jeremy Reed
Derek Davis
Eric Webster
Steven Sartore
David Johnston
J. King
Michael Barton
Christopher Barron
James Ramsey
Drew Hart
Justin Jermyn
Mr T
Andrew Mann
Jeremiah Johnson
Peter Mertz
Kevin O’Connell
Isaac Suttell
Devon Rosenthal
Oliver Flanagan
Bleys Goodson
Darryl J Lyle
Robert Walter
Bruce B
Ismael Montecel
Simon Oliphant
Mirik Gogri
Mark Daniel Cohen
Brandon Lattin
Nickolas Andrew Freeman
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Robert Ilardi
Astaurus
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Martin Skans
Michael Conroy
Graydon Goss
Frederic Simon
Tonyface
John Robinson
A G
Kevin Lee
Adrian Hatch
Yurii Konovaliuk
John Funai
Cass Costello
Tristan Deloche
Bradley Jenkins
Kyle Hofer
Daniel Stříbrný
Luaan
AlecZero
Vlad Shipulin
Cody
Malte Ubl
King Zeckendorff
Nick Virtue
Scott Gossett
Dan Warren
Patrick Sutton
John Griffith
Daniel Lyons
DFaulk
GrowingViolet
Kevin Warne
Andreas Nautsch
Brandon labonte

Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

While recent news about the Chinese Long March 5 Rocket made a lot of people very nervous because a 22-ton rocket was going to fall out of the sky, this sort of thing happens all the time. Boosters, dead satellites, and sometimes even old space stations get dropped out of the sky fairly often. While the litter seems a little inconsiderate, this is probably far safer than the alternative. The accumulation of space junk poses a huge risk to all human operations in space especially if we cross the threshold into the chain reaction of exponentially growing collisions known as the Kessler Syndrome.

Check out all the Leo Labs Space Debris Tracker
https://platform.leolabs.space/visualizations/leo

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt Caplan & Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria
GFX Visualizations: Katherine Kornei
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Assistant Producer: Setare Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0Q

Special Thanks to Our Patreon Supporters

Big Bang Supporters
Charlie
Leo Koguan
Sandy Wu
Matthew Miller
Scott Gray
Ahmad Jodeh
Radu Negulescu
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Fabrice Eap
Mark Rosenthal
David Nicklas
Mrs. Tiffany Poindexter

Quasar Supporters
Stephen Wilcox
Christina Oegren
Mark Heising
Hank S

Hypernova Supporters
William Bryan
Marc Armstrong
Scott Gorlick
Nick Berard
Paul Stehr-Green
MuON Marketing
Russell Pope
Ben Delo
L. Wayne Ausbrooks
Nicholas Newlin
Adrian Posor
DrJYou
Антон Кочков
John R. Slavik
Mathew
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
John Pollock
Edmund Fokschaner
Joseph Salomone
Matthew O’Connor
chuck zegar
Jordan Young
m0nk
Julien Dubois
John Hofmann
Timothy McCulloch
Daniel Muzquiz

Gamma Ray Burst Supporters
Nubble
Chris Navrides
Scott R Calkins
Carl Scaggs
G Mack
The Mad Mechanic
Ellis Hall
John H. Austin, Jr.
Diana S
Ben Campbell
Lawrence Tholl, DVM
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Alex Edwards
Ádám Kettinger
MD3
Endre Pech
Daniel Jennings
Cameron Sampson
Pratik Mukherjee
Geoffrey Clarion
Nate
Darren Duncan
Russ Creech
Jeremy Reed
Derek Davis
Eric Webster
Steven Sartore
David Johnston
J. King
Michael Barton
James Ramsey
Drew Hart
Justin Jermyn
Mr T
Andrew Mann
Jeremiah Johnson
Peter Mertz
Kevin O’Connell
Isaac Suttell
Devon Rosenthal
Oliver Flanagan
Bleys Goodson
Darryl J Lyle
Robert Walter
Bruce B
Ismael Montecel
Simon Oliphant
Mirik Gogri
Mark Daniel Cohen
Brandon Lattin
Nickolas Andrew Freeman
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Robert Ilardi
Astaurus
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Martin Skans
Michael Conroy
Graydon Goss
Frederic Simon
Tonyface
John Robinson
A G
Kevin Lee
Adrian Hatch
Yurii Konovaliuk
John Funai
Cass Costello
Tristan Deloche
Bradley Jenkins
Kyle Hofer
Daniel Stříbrný
Luaan
AlecZero
Vlad Shipulin
Cody
Malte Ubl
King Zeckendorff
Nick Virtue
Scott Gossett
Dan Warren
Patrick Sutton
John Griffith
Daniel Lyons
DFaulk
GrowingViolet
Kevin Warne
Andreas Nautsch
Brandon labonte
Nick

Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

It’s fair to say that black holes may be the scariest objects in the universe. Happily for us, the nearest is probably many light-years away. Unless of course, Planck relics are a thing – in which case they might be literally everywhere.

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria
GFX Visualizations: Katherine Kornei
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Assistant Producer: Setare Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0Q

Special Thanks to Our Patreon Supporters

Big Bang Supporters
Charlie
Mrs. Tiffany Poindexter
Leo Koguan
Sandy Wu
Matthew Miller
Scott Gray
Ahmad Jodeh
Radu Negulescu
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Fabrice Eap
Mark Rosenthal
David Nicklas

Quasar Supporters
Stephen Wilcox
Christina Oegren
Mark Heising
Hank S

Hypernova Supporters
william bryan
Marc Armstrong
Scott Gorlick
Nick Berard
Paul Stehr-Green
MuOn Marketing
Russell Pope
Ben Delo
L. Wayne Ausbrooks
Nicholas Newlin
Adrian Posor
Антон Кочков
John R. Slavik
Mathew
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
John Pollock
Edmund Fokschaner
Joseph Salomone
Matthew O’Connor
chuck zegar
Jordan Young
m0nk
Julien Dubois
John Hofmann
Daniel Muzquiz
Timothy McCulloch

Gamma Ray Burst Supporters
Scott R Calkins
Carl Scaggs
Joshua Helms
G Mack
The Mad Mechanic
Ellis Hall
John H. Austin, Jr.
Diana S
Ben Campbell
Lawrence Tholl, DVM
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Alex Edwards
Nick
Ádám Kettinger
Sylvain Leduc
MD3
Endre Pech
Daniel Jennings
Cameron Sampson
Pratik Mukherjee
Geoffrey Clarion
Nate
Darren Duncan
Russ Creech
Jeremy Reed
Derek Davis
Eric Webster
Steven Sartore
David Johnston
J. King
Michael Barton
Christopher Barron
James Ramsey
Drew Hart
Justin Jermyn
Mr T
Andrew Mann
Jeremiah Johnson
fieldsa eleanory
Peter Mertz
Kevin O’Connell
Isaac Suttell
Devon Rosenthal
Oliver Flanagan
Bleys Goodson
Darryl J Lyle
Robert Walter
Bruce B
Ismael Montecel
Simon Oliphant
Mirik Gogri
Mark Daniel Cohen
Brandon Lattin
Nickolas Andrew Freeman
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Robert Ilardi
Astaurus
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Martin Skans
Michael Conroy
Graydon Goss
Frederic Simon
Tonyface
John Robinson
A G
Kevin Lee
Adrian Hatch
Yurii Konovaliuk
John Funai
Cass Costello
Tristan Deloche
Bradley Jenkins
Kyle Hofer
Daniel Stříbrný
Luaan
AlecZero
Vlad Shipulin
Cody
Malte Ubl
King Zeckendorff
Nick Virtue
Scott Gossett
Dan Warren
Patrick Sutton
John Griffith
Daniel Lyons
DFaulk
GrowingViolet
Kevin Warne
Andreas Nautsch
Brandon labonte

Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Quantum mechanics forbids us from measuring the universe beyond a certain level of precision. But that doesn’t stop us from trying. And in some cases succeeding, by squeezing the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to its breaking point.

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Katie McCormick & Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria
GFX Visualizations: Katherine Kornei
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Assistant Producer: Setare Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0Q

BIg Bang
Tiffany Poindexter
Jason Verreault
Leo Koguan
Sandy Wu
Matthew Miller
Scott Gray
Ahmad Jodeh
Radu Negulescu
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Fabrice Eap
Mark Rosenthal
David Nicklas

Quasar
Stephen Wilcox
Christina Oegren
Mark Heising
Hank S

Hypernova
william bryan
Marc Armstrong
Scott Gorlick
Nick Berard
Paul Stehr-Green
MuON Marketing
Russell Pope
Ben Delo
L. Wayne Ausbrooks
Nicholas Newlin
Adrian Posor
Антон Кочков
John R. Slavik
Mathew
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
John Pollock
Edmund Fokschaner
Joseph Salomone
Matthew O’Connor
chuck zegar
Jordan Young
m0nk
Julien Dubois
John Hofmann
Daniel Muzquiz
Timothy McCulloch

Gamma Ray Burst Supporters
Scott R Calkins
Carl Scaggs
Joshua Helms
G Mack
The Mad Mechanic
Ellis Hall
John H. Austin, Jr.
Ben Campbell
Lawrence Tholl, DVM
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Alex Edwards
Nick
Ádám Kettinger
Sylvain Leduc
MD3
Endre Pech
Daniel Jennings
Cameron Sampson
Pratik Mukherjee
Geoffrey Clarion
Nate
Darren Duncan
Russ Creech
Jeremy Reed
Derek Davis
Eric Webster
Steven Sartore
David Johnston
J. King
Michael Barton
Christopher Barron
James Ramsey
Drew Hart
Justin Jermyn
Mr T
Andrew Mann
Jeremiah Johnson
fieldsa eleanory
Peter Mertz
Kevin O’Connell
Isaac Suttell
Devon Rosenthal
Oliver Flanagan
Bleys Goodson
Darryl J Lyle
Robert Walter
Bruce B
Ismael Montecel
Simon Oliphant
Mirik Gogri
Mark Daniel Cohen
Brandon Lattin
Nickolas Andrew Freeman
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Robert Ilardi
Astaurus
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Martin Skans
Michael Conroy
Graydon Goss
Frederic Simon
Tonyface
John Robinson
A G
Kevin Lee
Adrian Hatch
Yurii Konovaliuk
John Funai
Cass Costello
Tristan Deloche
Bradley Jenkins
Kyle Hofer
Daniel Stříbrný
Luaan
AlecZero
Vlad Shipulin
Cody
Malte Ubl
King Zeckendorff
Nick Virtue
Scott Gossett
Dan Warren
Patrick Sutton
John Griffith
Daniel Lyons
DFaulk
GrowingViolet
Kevin Warne
Andreas Nautsch
Brandon labonte

Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

There’s one rule on Space Time: It’s never Aliens. But every rule has an exception and this rule is no exception because: It’s never aliens, until it is. So is it aliens yet? And on today’s Space Time we’re going to examine all the best case scenarios for life beyond Earth.

If you want more alien content, check out the ALIENS! Playlist
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsPUh22kYmND9mCwC2vVPMJJrMU95kcAS

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt Caplan & Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria
GFX Visualizations: Katherine Kornei
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Assistant Producer: Setare Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0Q

Special Thanks to Our Patreon Supporters

Big Bang Supporters
Leo Koguan
Matthew Miller
Scott Gray
Ahmad Jodeh
Radu Negulescu
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Fabrice Eap
Mark Rosenthal
David Nicklas

Quasar Supporters
Stephen Wilcox
Christina Oegren
Mark Heising
Hank S

Hypernova
william bryan
Marc Armstrong
Scott Gorlick
Nick Berard
Paul Stehr-Green
MuOn Marketing
Russell Pope
Ben Delo
L. Wayne Ausbrooks
Nicholas Newlin
Adrian Posor
Антон Кочков
John R. Slavik
Mathew
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
John Pollock
Edmund Fokschaner
Joseph Salomone
Matthew O’Connor
chuck zegar
Jordan Young
m0nk
Julien Dubois
John Hofmann
Daniel Muzquiz
Timothy McCulloch

Gamma Ray Burst
Scott R Calkins
Carl Scaggs
Joshua Helms
G Mack
The Mad Mechanic
Ellis Hall
John H. Austin, Jr.
Ben Campbell
Lawrence Tholl, DVM
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Alex Edwards
Nick
Ádám Kettinger
Sylvain Leduc
MD3
Endre Pech
Daniel Jennings
Cameron Sampson
Pratik Mukherjee
Geoffrey Clarion
Nate
Darren Duncan
Russ Creech
Jeremy Reed
Derek Davis
Eric Webster
Steven Sartore
David Johnston
J. King
Michael Barton
Christopher Barron
James Ramsey
Drew Hart
Justin Jermyn
Mr T
Andrew Mann
Jeremiah Johnson
fieldsa eleanory
Peter Mertz
Kevin O’Connell
Isaac Suttell
Devon Rosenthal
Oliver Flanagan
Dawn M Fink
Bleys Goodson
Darryl J Lyle
Robert Walter
Bruce B
Ismael Montecel
Simon Oliphant
Mirik Gogri
Mark Daniel Cohen
Brandon Lattin
Nickolas Andrew Freeman
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Robert Ilardi
Astaurus
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Martin Skans
Michael Conroy
Graydon Goss
Frederic Simon
Tonyface
John Robinson
A G
Kevin Lee
Adrian Hatch
Yurii Konovaliuk
John Funai
Cass Costello
Tristan Deloche
Bradley Jenkins
Kyle Hofer
Daniel Stříbrný
Luaan
AlecZero
Vlad Shipulin
Cody
Malte Ubl
King Zeckendorff
Nick Virtue
Scott Gossett
Dan Warren
Patrick Sutton
John Griffith
Daniel Lyons
DFaulk
GrowingViolet
Kevin Warne
Andreas Nautsch
Brandon labonte

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE
↓ More info below ↓

Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

That Einstein guy was a real bummer for our hopes of a star-hopping, science-fiction-y future. His whole “nothing travels faster than light” rule seems to ensure that exploration of even the local part of our galaxy will be an excruciating slow. But Einstein also gave us a glimmer of hope. He showed us that space and time can be warped – and so the warp drive was conceived. Just recently, a couple of papers contend that these are not pure science fiction.

Check Out Our Previous Warp Drive Episode
https://youtu.be/94ed4v_T6YM

Warp Drive Papers

Introducing Physical Warp Drive
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Fv14i7l0KP-KWTdYbNtTILxE10jCkThO/view

Breaking the Warp Barrier
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1idkNv0pe5IJv-t7E5vogbNilbPjIoA79/view

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt Caplan & Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria
GFX Visualizations: Katherine Kornei
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Assistant Producer: Setare Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0Q

Special Thanks to Our Patreon Supporters

Big Bang
Leo Koguan
Rick DeWitt
Sandy Wu
Matthew Miller
Brodie Rao
Scott Gray
Ahmad Jodeh
Radu Negulescu
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Fabrice Eap
Mark Rosenthal
David Nicklas

Quasar
Hank S
Stephen Wilcox
Christina Oegren
Mark Heising

Hypernova
william bryan
Scott Gorlick
Nick Berard
Paul Stehr-Green
MuOn Marketing
Russell Pope
Ben Delo
L. Wayne Ausbrooks
Nicholas Newlin
Adrian Posor
Антон Кочков
John R. Slavik
Mathew
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
John Pollock
Edmund Fokschaner
Joseph Salomone
chuck zegar
Jordan Young
m0nk
John Hofmann
Timothy McCulloch

Gamma Ray Burst
G Mack
The Mad Mechanic
Juan David Gil Wiedman
Ellis Hall
John H. Austin, Jr.
Diana S
Douglas Drane
Ben Campbell
Lawrence Tholl, DVM
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Alex Edwards
Nick
Ádám Kettinger
Sylvain Leduc
Anthony Kahng
MD3
Endre Pech
Daniel Jennings
Cameron Sampson
Pratik Mukherjee
Geoffrey Clarion
Nate
Darren Duncan
Russ Creech
Jeremy Reed
Derek Davis
Eric Webster
Steven Sartore
David Johnston
J. King
Michael Barton
Christopher Barron
James Ramsey
Drew Hart
Justin Jermyn
Mr T
Andrew Mann
Jeremiah Johnson
fieldsa eleanory
Peter Mertz
Kevin O’Connell
Isaac Suttell
Devon Rosenthal
Oliver Flanagan
Dawn M Fink
Bleys Goodson
Darryl J Lyle
Robert Walter
Bruce B
Ismael Montecel
Simon Oliphant
Mirik Gogri
Mark Daniel Cohen
Brandon Lattin
Nickolas Andrew Freeman
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Robert Ilardi
Astaurus
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Martin Skans
Michael Conroy
Graydon Goss
Frederic Simon
Tonyface
John Robinson
A G
Kevin Lee
Adrian Hatch
Yurii Konovaliuk
John Funai
Cass Costello
Tristan Deloche
Bradley Jenkins
Kyle Hofer
Tim Stephani
Daniel Stříbrný
Luaan
AlecZero
Vlad Shipulin
Cody
Malte Ubl
King Zeckendorff
Nick Virtue
Scott Gossett
Dan Warren
Patrick Sutton
John Griffith
Daniel Lyons
DFaulk
GrowingViolet
Kevin Warne
Andreas Nautsch
Brandon labonte

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE
↓ More info below ↓

Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

It may be that for every star in the universe there are billions of microscopic black holes streaming through the solar system, the planet, even our bodies every second. Sounds horrible – but hey, at least we’d have explained dark matter.

Want a very deep understanding of Black Holes? Check out the Black Hole playlist:
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsPUh22kYmNBl4h0i4mI5zDflExXJMo_x

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt Caplan & Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria
GFX Visualizations: Katherine Kornei
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Assistant Producer: Setare Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0Q

Special Thanks to Our Patreon Supporters

Big Bang
Leo Koguan
Rick DeWitt
Sandy Wu
Matthew Miller
Brodie Rao
Scott Gray
Ahmad Jodeh
Radu Negulescu
David Nicklas
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Fabrice Eap
Mark Rosenthal

Quasar Supporters
Hank S
Christina Oegren
Mark Heising

Hypernova Supporters
william bryan
Scott Gorlick
Nick Berard
Paul Stehr-Green
MuOn Marketing
Russell Pope
Ben Delo
L. Wayne Ausbrooks
Nicholas Newlin
Adrian Posor
Антон Кочков
John R. Slavik
Mathew
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
John Pollock
Edmund Fokschaner
Joseph Salomone
chuck zegar
Jordan Young
m0nk
John Hofmann
Timothy McCulloch

Gamma Ray Burst Supporters
G Mack
The Mad Mechanic
Juan David Gil Wiedman
Ellis Hall
Alexey Kamenskiy
John H. Austin, Jr.
Andrew Macleod
Diana S
Douglas Drane
Ben Campbell
Lawrence Tholl, DVM
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Alex Edwards
Nick
Ádám Kettinger
Sylvain Leduc
Anthony Kahng
MD3
Endre Pech
Daniel Jennings
Cameron Sampson
Pratik Mukherjee
Geoffrey Clarion
Nate
Darren Duncan
Russ Creech
Jeremy Reed
Derek Davis
Eric Webster
Steven Sartore
David Johnston
J. King
Michael Barton
Christopher Barron
James Ramsey
Drew Hart
Justin Jermyn
Mr T
Andrew Mann
Jeremiah Johnson
fieldsa eleanory
Peter Mertz
Kevin O’Connell
Isaac Suttell
Devon Rosenthal
Oliver Flanagan
Dawn M Fink
Bleys Goodson
Darryl J Lyle
Robert Walter
Bruce B
Ismael Montecel
Simon Oliphant
Mirik Gogri
Mark Daniel Cohen
Brandon Lattin
Nickolas Andrew Freeman
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Robert Ilardi
Astaurus
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Martin Skans
Michael Conroy
Graydon Goss
Frederic Simon
Tonyface
John Robinson
A G
Kevin Lee
Adrian Hatch
Yurii Konovaliuk
John Funai
Cass Costello
Geoffrey Short
Tristan Deloche
Bradley Jenkins
Kyle Hofer
Tim Stephani
Daniel Stříbrný
Luaan
AlecZero
Vlad Shipulin
Cody
Malte Ubl
King Zeckendorff
Nick Virtue
Scott Gossett
Dan Warren
Patrick Sutton
John Griffith
Daniel Lyons
DFaulk
GrowingViolet
Kevin Warne
Andreas Nautsch
Brandon labonte

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE
↓ More info below ↓

Support Us On https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

When a theory makes a prediction that disagrees with an experimental test, sometimes it means we should throw the theory away. But what if that theory has otherwise produced the most successful predictions in all of physics? Then, that little glitch may be pointing the way to layers of physics deeper than we’ve yet imagined. Well, FermiLabs Muon G-2 experiment has been chasing the most promising glitch of all, and they’ve just announced their results.

Announcement Results
https://theory.fnal.gov/events/event/first-results-from-the-muon-g-2-experiment-at-fermilab

Previous Episode of Space Time To Help Understand Muon G-2:

Quantum Mechanics Most Incredible Prediction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UwigY4SjKY&ab_channel=PBSSpaceTime

Muon g-2 Playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsPUh22kYmNBpDZPejCHGzxyfgitj26w9

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Dan Garisto & Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria
GFX Visualizations: Katherine Kornei
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Assistant Producer: Setare Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0Q

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime

Big Bang
Leo Koguan
Rick DeWitt
Sandy Wu
Matthew Miller
Brodie Rao
Scott Gray
Ahmad Jodeh
Radu Negulescu
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Fabrice Eap
Mark Rosenthal
David Nicklas

Quasar Supporter
Hank S
Christina Oegren
Mark Heising

Hypernova Supporter
william bryan
Scott Gorlick
Nick Berard
Paul Stehr-Green
MuOn Marketing
Russell Pope
Ben Delo
L. Wayne Ausbrooks
Nicholas Newlin
Adrian Posor
Антон Кочков
John R. Slavik
Mathew
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
John Pollock
Edmund Fokschaner
Joseph Salomone
chuck zegar
Jordan Young
m0nk
John Hofmann
Timothy McCulloch

Gamma Ray Burst Supporters
The Mad Mechanic
Juan David Gil Wiedman
Ellis Hall
Alexey Kamenskiy
John H. Austin, Jr.
Andrew Macleod
Diana S
Douglas Drane
Ben Campbell
Lawrence Tholl, DVM
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Alex Edwards
Nick
Ádám Kettinger
Sylvain Leduc
Anthony Kahng
MD3
Endre Pech
Daniel Jennings
Cameron Sampson
Pratik Mukherjee
Geoffrey Clarion
Nate
Darren Duncan
Russ Creech
Jeremy Reed
Derek Davis
Eric Webster
Steven Sartore
David Johnston
J. King
Michael Barton
Christopher Barron
James Ramsey
Drew Hart
Justin Jermyn
Mr T
Andrew Mann
Jeremiah Johnson
fieldsa eleanory
Peter Mertz
Kevin O’Connell
Isaac Suttell
Devon Rosenthal
Oliver Flanagan
Dawn M Fink
Bleys Goodson
Darryl J Lyle
Robert Walter
Bruce B
Ismael Montecel
Simon Oliphant
Mirik Gogri
Mark Daniel Cohen
Brandon Lattin
Nickolas Andrew Freeman
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Robert Ilardi
Astaurus
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Martin Skans
Michael Conroy
Graydon Goss
Frederic Simon
Tonyface
John Robinson
A G
Kevin Lee
Adrian Hatch
Yurii Konovaliuk
John Funai
Cass Costello
Geoffrey Short
Tristan Deloche
Bradley Jenkins
Kyle Hofer
Tim Stephani
Luaan
AlecZero
Vlad Shipulin
Cody
Malte Ubl
King Zeckendorff
Nick Virtue
Scott Gossett
Martin J Lollar
Dan Warren
Patrick Sutton
John Griffith
Daniel Lyons
DFaulk
GrowingViolet
Kevin Warne
Andreas Nautsch
Brandon labonte
william bryan