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Invitation to Time Travelers: https://www.youtube.com/post/UgzeIA0O00-bVioxU4t4AaABCQ

Time travel stories are cool because both the past and future are somehow more interesting that the present and because everyone wants a redo. But so far it appears we’re doomed to live consumed by regret in the eternal, boring present. Time marches on, inexorably and only forward. Or so we thought until Einstein came along. His special and general theories of relativity changed the way we think about time forever, and believe it or not, their raw equations permit time travel. They even tell us how to do it. So let’s review the possibilities, and decide how possible they really are.

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer & Adriano Leal
Directed by: Andrew Kornhaber
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0Q

Special Thanks to our Big Bang Supporters

Big Bang
Alexander Tamas
Craig Stonaha
David Barnholdt
David Nicklas
Fabrice Eap
John S
Juan Benet
matt miller
Morgan Hough

Quasar
Mark Heising
Mark Rosenthal
Vinnie Falco

Hypernova
chuck zegar
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
Hank S
joe pearce
John Hofmann
John R. Slavik
Jordan Young
Joseph Salomone
Mathew
Matthew O’Connor
Syed Ansar

Gamma Ray Burst
A G
Adrien Molyneux
AlecZero
Andreas Nautsch
Bradley Jenkins
Brandon labonte
Brian
Dan Warren
Daniel Lyons
David Bethala
DFaulk
Frederic Simon
Geoffrey Short
Graydon Goss
Greg Smith
James Flowers
Jamie Frederick
John Funai
John Griffith
John Michael Kerr
John Pollock
John Robinson
Jonathan Nesfeder
Joseph Dillman
Josh Thomas
Kevin Lee
Kevin Warne
Kyle Hofer
Malte Ubl
Michael Conroy
Nick Virtue
Nick Wright
Paul Rose
Scott Gossett
Sean Warniaha
Tatiana Vorovchenko
Tim Stephani
Tonyface
Yurii Konovaliuk

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It’s time we talked about loop quantum gravity. What exactly is it? What are the loops? And can it really defeat string theory in our quest for a Theory of Everything?

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Graeme Gossel & Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer
Directed by: Andrew Kornhaber
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0Q

The holy grail of physics is to connect our understanding of the tiny scales of atoms and subatomic particles with that of the vast scales of planets, galaxies, and the entire universe. To connect quantum physics with Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Our search for a theory of quantum gravity is a century old, and we’ve talked quite a bit about it already, including what’s probably the lead contender – string theory. But string theory isn’t the only game in town – or so some physicists believe. There may be another way to reconcile the physics of the tiny and the gigantic – another way to a theory of quantum gravity that avoids a lot of conceptual baggage like tiny wiggling strings made of coiled up extra dimensions. That other way would be loop quantum gravity, and today we’re going to learn exactly what it is.

Special Thanks to Our Patreon Supporters

Big Bang Supporters:
David Barnholdt
David Boyer
David Nicklas
Fabrice Eap
Juan Benet
matt miller
Morgan Hough

Quasar:
Mark Heising
Mark Rosenthal
Vinnie Falco

Hypernova:
chuck zegar
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
Hank S
joe pearce
John Hofmann
John R. Slavik
Jordan Young
Joseph Salomone
Mathew
Matthew O’Connor
Syed Ansar

Gamma Ray Burst:
A G
Adrien Molyneux
AlecZero
Andreas Nautsch
Bradley Jenkins
Brandon labonte
Brian
Dan Warren
Daniel Lyons
David Bethala
DFaulk
Frederic Simon
Geoffrey Short
Graydon Goss
Greg Smith
James Flowers
John Funai
John Griffith
John Michael Kerr
John Pollock
John Robinson
Jonathan Nesfeder
Joseph Dillman
Josh Thomas
Kevin Lee
Kevin Warne
Kyle Hofer
Malte Ubl
Nick Virtue
Nick Wright
Paul Rose
Scott Gossett
Sean Warniaha
Tim Stephani
Tonyface
Yurii Konovaliuk

Learn more at https://www.brilliant.org/spacetime

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Black holes are crazy enough on their own – but crash two together and you end up with a roiling blob of inescapable space that vibrates like a beaten drum. And the rich harmonics of those vibrations, seen through gravitational waves, could hold the secrets to the nature of the fabric of spacetime itself. Today on space time journal club we’ll explore the papers that claim to have detected black hole harmonics. We’ll also give you the latest updates on the most recent – in some cases quite bizarre – LIGO detections.

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Murilo Lopes
Directed by: Andrew Kornhaber
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0Q

When physicists talk about black holes they’re usually referring to highly theoretical objects – static, unchanging black holes viewed from “infinitely” far away. This makes everything clean and simple enough to attempt the already notoriously complex calculations of black hole physics. But real black holes are created in the violent deaths of massive stars, and there’s nothing clean about that. And we now know that black holes merge – and in the process produce gravitational radiation that we’ve only just managed to detect with the miraculous work of the LIGO and VIRGO gravitational wave observatories. In the instant after its merger, the new, joined black hole looks nothing like the idealized theoretical black hole.

Special Thanks To All Our Patreon Supporters

Big Bang Supporters
Anton Lifshits
David Barnholdt
David Boyer
David Nicklas
Fabrice Eap
Juan Benet
matt miller
Morgan Hough

Quasar Supporters
Mark Heising
Mark Rosenthal
Vinnie Falco

Hypernova
Chuck Zegar
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
Hank S
Joe Pearce
John Hofmann
John R. Slavik
Jordan Young
Joseph Salomone
Mathew
Matthew O’Connor
Syed Ansar

Gamma Ray Burst Supporters
A G
Adrien Molyneux
AlecZero
Andreas Nautsch
Bradley Jenkins
Brandon labonte
Brian
Dan Warren
Daniel Lyons
David Bethala
DFaulk
Frederic Simon
Geoffrey Short
Graydon Goss
Greg Smith
James Flowers
James Quintero
John Funai
John Griffith
John Michael Kerr
John Pollock
John Robinson
Jonathan Nesfeder
Joseph Dillman
Josh Thomas
Justin Lloyd
Kevin Lee
Kevin Warne
Kyle Hofer
Malte Ubl
Nick Virtue
Nick Wright
Paul Rose
Scott Gossett
Sean Warniaha
Tim Stephani
Tonyface
Yurii Konovaliuk

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE
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The universe is big, but it’s peanuts compared to the eternally inflating multiverse. But just how many universes are there? What are they like? And most importantly, what can they tell us about … aliens?

Challenge Answer Winners

Steven Mertens
David DeLaney
Chris Lotery
Eneko
Fabien Sangouard
Ian Bonnell

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer
Directed by: Andrew Kornhaber
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0Q

Imagine it: the observable part of our universe is 93 billion light years across, and that’s just a small fraction of the stuff created in our Big Bang. But in the eternal inflation picture, ours is just one among uncountable bubble universes. Bubbles that are continuously appearing and growing within a vastly larger spacetime that itself expands at an exponentially accelerating rate. A greater inflationary spacetime whose expansion never ends. We looked at the bizarre idea of eternal inflation in recent episodes – but we stopped short of exploring the full implications of this proposition. Those implications are, frankly, completely nuts. Some may also be true.

Big Bang Supporters:
Alexander Tamas
Anton Lifshits
David Barnholdt
David Boyer
David Nicklas
Fabrice Eap
Juan Benet
Justin Lloyd
Matt Miller
Morgan Hough

Quasar Supporters:
Mark Heising
Mark Rosenthal
Vinnie Falco

Hypernova Supporters:
Chuck Zegar
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
Hank S
Joe Pearce
John Hofmann
John R. Slavik
Jordan Young
Joseph Salomone
Matthew
Matthew O’Connor
Syed Ansar

Gamma Ray Burst Supporters:
A.G.
Adrian Molyneux
Alec Zero
Andreas Nautsch
Bradley Jenkins
Brandon Labonte
Brian
Dan Warren
Daniel Lyons
David Behtala
DFaulk
Dustan Jones
Geoffrey Short
Greg Smith
James Flowers
James Quintero
John Funai
John Michael Kerr
John Pollock
John Robinson
Jonathan Nesfeder
Joseph Dillman
Josh Thomas
Kevin Lee
Kevin Warne
Kyle Hofer
Malte Ubl
Mark Vasile
Nick Virtue
Nick Wright
Paul Rose
Scott Gossett
Sean Warniaha
Steve Bradshaw
Tim Stephani
Tonyface
Yurii Konovaliuk

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE
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You know what a planet is, right? A big round thing that orbits a star. Uh, not so fast. The surprisingly vicious debate over the planetary status of Pluto has given us a fascinating glimpse into what a scientific definition really is. And perhaps the word planet is too vague to be used as a scientific definition at all.

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Drew Rosen and Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer
Directed by: Andrew Kornhaber
Produced By: Kornhaber Brown

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We love to classify things. Labels help us keep stuff organized in our heads. In science, categorization provides a fast and easy way to know the properties of a member of the group just by knowing what group it belongs to. Chemists group elements on the periodic table, those groups exhibit similar chemical behavior that reflect outer-shell electron number. Biologists group organisms by similar physical characteristics, and this taxonomy reflects genetic relationships. Astronomers are all about space taxonomy. We classify galaxies based on their shape, black holes based on how they feed, stars based on their colour and brightness, and planets by… well, by a set of criteria that has caused more tension and heartbreak than any made-up grouping scheme really should. Because a change in that scheme demoted Pluto from planet to not-planet. Today we’re going to settle whether this was reasonable, and whether we should keep the word “planet” at all.

Big Bang Supporters:
Alexander Tamas
Anton Lifshits
David Barnholdt
David Boyer
David Nicklas
Fabrice Eap
Juan Benet
Justin Lloyd
Matt Miller
Morgan Hough

Quasar Supporters:
Mark Heising
Mark Rosenthal
Vinnie Falco

Hypernova Supporters:
Chuck Zegar
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
Hank S
John Hofmann
John R. Slavik
Jordan Young
Joseph Salomone
Matthew
Matthew O’Connor
Syed Ansar

Gamma Ray Burst Supporters:
Adrian Molyneux
Alec Zero
Andreas Nautsch
Bradley Jenkins
Brandon Labonte
Brian
Dan Warren
Daniel Lyons
David Behtala
DFaulk
Dustan Jones
Geoffrey Short
James Flowers
James Quintero
Jason
John Funai
John Michael Kerr
John Pollock
Jonah
Jonathan Nesfeder
Joseph Dillman
Josh Thomas
Kevin Lee
Kevin Warne
Kyle Hofer
Malte Ubl
Mark Vasile
Nick Virtue
Nick Wright
Paul Rose
Scott Gossett
Steve Bradshaw
Sigurd Ruud Frivik
Tim Stephani
Yurii Konovaliuk

To discover more go to http://lego.build/CITYSpace

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Humanity’s future is glorious. As we master space travel, we’ll hop from one lifeless world to the next. Life will blossom in our path and the galaxy with shimmer with beautiful Earth-like orbs. Hmmm… maybe. This won’t sound so far fetched if we prove we can do it at least once. If we successfully terraform Mars.

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Murilo Lopes
Directed by: Andrew Kornhaber
Produced By: Kornhaber Brown

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We already have the technology to bring humans safely to Mars and set up small settlements – or at least could do within a generation. But those settlements will need to be cocooned – shielded against the deadly cold, intense radiation, and the fatal lack of atmospheric pressure. Surely if we want to thrive on Mars – to make it into our second home – these settlers, or their descendants, will need to be able open the airlocks, shed their spacesuits, and step out onto a survivable surface. We’ll need to terraform Mars, as our first step in terraforming the galaxy.

Red Iris Mars habitat by James Telfer: http://bit.ly/JamesTelferRedIris

Want Even More Great Space Content? Check out the Exciting Summer of Space Playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list…

Big Bang Supporters:
Alexander Tamas
Anton Lifshits
David Nicklas
Fabrice Eap
Juan Benet
Morgan Hough

Quasar Supporters:
Mark Heising
Mark Rosenthal
Vinnie Falco

Hypernova Supporters:
Chuck Zegar
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
Hank S
John Hofmann
John R. Slavik
Jordan Young
Joseph Salomone
Matthew
Matthew O’Connor
Syed Ansar

Gamma Ray Burst Supporters:
Adrien Hatch
Adrian Molyneux
Alexey Eromenko
Andreas Nautsch
Bradley Jenkins
Brandon Labonte
Carlo Mogavero
Dan Warren
Daniel Lyons
David Behtala
DFaulk
Dustan Jones
Geoffrey Short
James Flowers
James Quintero
John Funai
John Pollock
Jonah
Jonathan Nesfeder
Joseph Dillman
Josh Thomas
Kevin Lee
Kevin Warne
Kyle Hofer
Malte Ubl
Mark Vasile
Nathan Hitchings
Nicholas Nachefski
Nick Virtue
Paul Rose
Scott Gossett
Sigurd Ruud Frivik
Taras Vozniuk
Tim Jones
Tim Stephani
Yurii Konovaliuk
سلطان الخليفي

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Earth’s magnetic field protects us from deadly space radiation. What if it were drastically weakened, as a precursor to flipping upside down? I mean, it has before … many, many times..

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer
Directed by: Andrew Kornhaber
Produced By: Kornhaber Brown

Special Thanks to Lathrop Lab at University of Maryland:
https://complex.umd.edu/

Check Out Lathrop Lab’s YouTube Channel to learn more about their 3-meter experiment that models the Earth’s core:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-nUrQmFR3pFgEVwW0qAURA

Spaceship Earth has a literal deflector shield. A geomagnetic field. Lines of magnetic force, forged by currents in the planet’s molten core, erupt from the surface close to the north south geographic poles, connecting to each other to wreath the planet in a dipole field, like a gigantic bar magnet. Magnetic fields exert a force on moving charged particles, causing them to spiral around those force lines. That’s helpful, because Earth is constantly bombarded by very fast moving charged particles, especially coming from the Sun. Our magnetic field deflects the worst of these. Not all planets are so lucky. Mars, with its solid core, has no such shield – and so the red planet’s atmosphere was stripped away by the solar wind billions of years ago.

Want Even More Great Space Content? Check out the Exciting Summer of Space Playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoFRvPlmME6FOQtdDKyOUzKJiTE6KXsK3

Big Bang Supporters:
Alexander Tamas
Anton Lifshits
David Nicklas
Fabrice Eap
Juan Benet
Morgan Hough

Quasar Supporters:
Mark Heising
Mark Rosenthal
Vinnie Falco

Hypernova Supporters:
Chuck Zegar
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
Hank S
John Hofmann
John R. Slavik
Jordan Young
Joseph Salomone
Matthew
Matthew O’Connor
Syed Ansar

Gamma Ray Burst Supporters:
Adrien Hatch
Adrian Molyneux
Alexey Eromenko
Andreas Nautsch
Bradley Jenkins
Brandon Labonte
Carlo Mogavero
Dan Warren
Daniel Lyons
David Behtala
DFaulk
Dustan Jones
Geoffrey Short
James Flowers
James Quintero
John Funai
John Pollock
Jonah
Jonathan Nesfeder
Joseph Dillman
Josh Thomas
Kevin Lee
Kevin Warne
Kyle Hofer
Malte Ubl
Mark Vasile
Nathan Hitchings
Nicholas Nachefski
Nick Virtue
Paul Rose
Scott Gossett
Sigurd Ruud Frivik
Taras Vozniuk
Tim Jones
Tim Stephani
Yurii Konovaliuk
سلطان الخليفي

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE
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Do you want to major in Astrophysics? Are you thinking about becoming (or ever just wondered how one becomes) an Astrophysicists? Do you want to know Matt O’Dowd’s origin story? Then buckle up and enjoy the ride and try your astrophysics skill in calculating bubble universes to try to win some free Space Time Swag from the Merch Store.

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Murilo Lopes
Directed by: Eric Brown
Produced By: Kornhaber Brown

To Jump to Challenge Question:
https://youtu.be/n8cEZM1lN5g?t=617

Email Challenge Answer to by 9/9/19:
PBSSpacetime@gmail.com
Subject line: Eternal Inflation Challenge

Want Even More Great Space Content? Check out the Exciting STELLAR Playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list…

Big Bang Supporters:
Alexander Tamas
Anton Lifshits
David Nicklas
Fabrice Eap
Juan Benet
Morgan Hough

Quasar Supporters:
Mark Heising
Mark Rosenthal
Vinnie Falco

Hypernova Supporters:
Chuck Zegar
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
Hank S
John Hofmann
John R. Slavik
Jordan Young
Joseph Salomone
Matthew
Matthew O’Connor
Syed Ansar

Gamma Ray Burst Supporters:
Adrien Hatch
Adrian Molyneux
Alexey Eromenko
Andreas Nautsch
Bradley Jenkins
Brandon Labonte
Carlo Mogavero
Dan Warren
Daniel Lyons
David Behtala
DFaulk
Dustan Jones
Geoffrey Short
James Flowers
James Quintero
John Funai
John Pollock
Jonah
Jonathan Nesfeder
Joseph Dillman
Josh Thomas
Kevin Warne
Kyle Hofer
Malte Ubl
Mark Vasile
Nathan Hitchings
Nicholas Nachefski
Nick Virtue
Paul Rose
Scott Gossett
Sigurd Ruud Frivik
Taras Vozniuk
Tim Jones
Tim Stephani
Yurii Konovaliuk
سلطان الخليفي

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE
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We actually have a pretty good idea of what might have happened before the Big Bang. That is, as long as we define the Big Bang as the extremely hot, dense, rapidly expanding universe that is described by Einstein’s equations. That picture of the universe is very solid down to about a trillionth of a second after the supposed beginning of time. We can make good guesses down to about 10^-30th of a second. But before that?

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Produced By: Kornhaber Brown

Check out the Big Bang and Cosmic Inflation Playlist to learn More
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPStj2ZuXug&list=PLsPUh22kYmNCc3WCKb5yF136QSRf0xErm

Want Even More Great Space Content? Check out the Exciting STELLAR Playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1mtdjDVOoOqY7QPHGa9OppO_pjf91lbV

Big Bang Supporters:

Alexander Tamas
Anton Lifshits
David Nicklas
Fabrice Eap
Juan Benet
Morgan Hough

Quasar Supporters:

Mark Heising
Mark Rosenthal
Vinnie Falco

Hypernova Supporters:
Chuck Zegar
Danton Spivey
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
Hank S
John Hofmann
John R. Slavik
Jordan Young
Joseph Salomone
Matthew
Matthew O’Connor
Syed Ansar

Gamma Ray Burst Supporters:

Adrien Hatch
Adrian Molyneux
Alexey Eromenko
Andreas Nautsch
Bradley Jenkins
Brandon Labonte
Carlo Mogavero
Dan Warren
Daniel Lyons
David Behtala
DFaulk
Dustan Jones
Geoffrey Short
James Flowers
James Quintero
John Funai
John Pollock
Jonah
Jonathan Nesfeder
Joseph Dillman
Josh Thomas
Kevin Warne
Kyle Hofer
Malte Ubl
Mark Vasile
Nathan Hitchings
Nicholas Nachefski
Nick Virtue
Paul Rose
Scott Gossett
Sigurd Ruud Frivik
Taras Vozniuk
Tim Jones
Tim Stephani
Yurii Konovaliuk
سلطان الخليفي

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE
↓ More info below ↓

This is a VR180 video so pop on your Google Cardboard or VR Headset to be totally immersed in our world! No headset? No problem. Move your mobile phone around and catch the total 180 experience. Have fun looking down from the catwalk!

How can you build a telescope that can see the entire night sky without moving its dish? Well in this special episode of Space Time we took a tour of the Arecibo Observatory with a VR 180 camera so you could explore the incredible ingenuity of Arecibo’s giant spherical dish that allows it to reflect light from every spot on the sky in a symmetric way. We also talked to Dr. Abel Méndez about Exoplantes and Aliens!

Check out our interview with Dr. Abel Méndez about Finding Exoplanets and Talking to Aliens:
https://youtu.be/RrH9LwD1bx4

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by: Matt O’Dowd
Directed by: Eric Brown
Director of Photography: Eric Brouse
Sound: Brett Van Duesen
Editing: Brian Nils Johnson
Assistant Editing: Daniel Sircar
Produced By: Kornhaber Brown

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