Citizen Science + Zero-Point Challenge Answer | Space Time

November 29th, 2017

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Suicide Space Robots | Space Time
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The professional astronomer or astrophysicist is a pretty recent phenomenon. In the past, astronomy was often performed by nobility and extremely enthusiastic amateurs. Take William Herschel: by trade a classically trained musician, but as an amateur astronomer he discovered Uranus and was the first to observe binary star systems, among other things. Although it seems like the scientific exploration of our universe is now in the hands of full-time career astro-professionals, a ton of really valuable science is still done by people with proper day jobs. Today I want to talk about some of the stunning contributions still being made by citizen scientists, and the contributions YOU can make.

Links to citizen science programs:
JunoCam: http://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam
AAVSO: http://www.aavso.org
Zooniverse: http://www.zooniverse.org
Galaxy Zoo http://www.galaxyzoo.org
Backyard Worlds: backyardworlds.org
Seti@Home: setiathome.berkeley.edu
Einstein@Home einsteinathome.org
MilkyWay@Home milkyway.cs.rpi.edu/milkyway

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Posted in Physics |

Suicide Space Robots

November 22nd, 2017

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Let’s take a moment to remember the selfless sacrifices made by some amazing robotic explorers. And be sure to learn more about your personal DNA story by going to https://www.23andMe.com/spacetime and taking advantage of their special holiday offer.

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Zero-Point Energy Demystified | Space Time
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It takes a lot of tech to send humans into space and to keep people alive up there, and get them safely home. But we have few qualms about sending robots on one-way suicide missions to the stars. And in some cases, the very destruction of these probes is part of the scientific experiment. Or in the case of the recent destruction of Cassini, to protect the solar system for future experiments. Today we’re going to memorialize the robots that have given their lives for in the name of space exploration.

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Posted in Physics |

Zero-Point Energy Demystified

November 8th, 2017

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Let’s talk about the mysterious zero-point energy and what it really can, and really can’t do.

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The Vacuum Challenge | Space Time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6jAOV7bZ3Y

The quantum field theory predicts that there exists an energy of the vacuum resulting from the non-zero zero-point energies of the quantum fields that fill our universe. As we discussed in our last episode on the vacuum catastrophe, this mismatch between the measured and theoretical values of vacuum energy is one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics.

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Posted in Physics |

The Vacuum Catastrophe

November 3rd, 2017

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If vacuum energy really does have the enormous value predicted by quantum field theory then our gently expanding, geometrically flat universe shouldn’t exist. This is the vacuum catastrophe.

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Let’s talk about vacuum energy from a theoretical standpoint. From the perspective of quantum field theory, every point in space is represented by a quantum oscillator; one for each elementary particle type. Higher energy oscillations represent the presence of real particles. However even the lowest possible energy oscillation – the one corresponding to the absence of particles – has some energy.

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Posted in Physics |

The Missing Mass Mystery

October 25th, 2017

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For years, astronomers have been unable to find up to half of the baryonic matter in the universe. We may just have solved this problem.

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Dark Matter!
https://youtu.be/z3rgl-_a5C0

Dark Energy Playlist
https://youtu.be/xZTb6sfHEX8?list=PLsPUh22kYmNA6WUmOsEEi32zi_RdSUF4i

We’ve known for some time that around 95% of the energy content of the universe is in dark matter and dark energy. This dark sector doesn’t interact with light in any way and so is invisible to us. The remaining 5% – the light sector – represents all of the regular matter in the universe. Yet what if I told you that all of the stars and galaxies and galaxy clusters only comprise 10% of the light sector. The rest has proved as elusive as the dark sector. We think it must exist as extremely diffuse gas in between the galaxies, yet our intense searches miss up to half of it. At least until now.

Resources
Graaff et al. 2017, “Missing Baryons in the Cosmic Web Revealed by the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect”
https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.10378v1

Tanimura et al. 2017, “A Search for Warm/Hot Gas Filaments Between Pairs of SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies”
https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.05024

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Posted in Physics |

The Nature of Nothing | Space Time

October 19th, 2017

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It turns out that “nothing” is one of the most interesting somethings in all of physics. Signup for your free trial to The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/OOOp30beNyt

Note: There is a correction in this video that has been addressed in the pinned comment below.

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Absolute Cold | Space Time
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How do we study nothing? An empty jar still contains something: molecules of air and a bath of infrared light from its warm environment. But what if we suck out every last molecule of air, chill the jar to absolute zero, and shield it from all external radiation? The jar would contain only empty space, but it turns out that empty space is far from nothing.

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Posted in Physics |

Absolute Cold | Space Time

October 11th, 2017

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Can we ever achieve absolute cold? Try CuriosityStream today: http://curiositystream.com/spacetime

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Resources:
Absolute Zero:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero

Zero-Point Energy:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy

Bose-Einstein Condensate:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose-Einstein_condensate

Alfred Leitner’s Superfluid Liquid Helium:
http://alfredleitner.com/superfluid.html

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Many experimental physicists have spent their careers trying to cool things to absolute zero. This state of absolute cold is the zero-point on the Kelvin temperature scale, corresponding to -273.15 Celsius. Using lasers and magnetic fields, we’ve now managed to cool certain substances to less than a billionth of a Kelvin. Doing so has revealed some bizarre quantum states of matter. But quantum mechanics may also prevent us from ever reaching absolute zero. Understanding the limit to cold will lead us to an understanding of the nature of the quantum vacuum itself.

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Posted in Physics |

When Quasars Collide STJC

October 5th, 2017

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So what happens when two Super Massive Black Holes collide? We may be about to find out, because astronomers have spotted a pair of them in a close binary orbit for the very first time.

This episode of Space Time Journal Club discusses:
“A candidate sub-parsec binary black hole in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 7674”, Kharb, Lal & Merritt 2017
https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.06258

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Related Episodes:
How to Build a Black Hole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx4562gesw0

Why Quasars are so Awesome
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TZEp_n3eIc

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In this video, we discuss the reports about the detection of a pair of supermassive black holes orbiting only one light year apart from each other. Studying the dance of these giants should tell us a ton about how black holes grow. This paper was just published in Nature Astronomy by Preeti Kharb and Dharam Vir Lal from India’s National Center for Radio Astrophysics, and David Merritt from the Rochester Institute of Technology.

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Posted in Physics |

Are the Fundamental Constants Changing?

September 28th, 2017

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Recent findings suggest that the fundamental constants might not be as stable as we assumed. And be sure to signup for your free trial of The Great Courses Plus at http://ow.ly/rcsA30beNw1

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Previous Episode:
The Future of Space Telescopes
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Webb et al. 1998, A Search for Time Variation of the Fine Structure Constant
https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9803165

Webb et al. 2011, A Search for Time Variation of the Fine Structure Constant
https://arxiv.org/abs/1008.3907

Martins & Pinho 2016, Stability of Fundamental Couplings: a Global Analysis
https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.08724

The laws of physics are the same everywhere in the universe. At least we astrophysicists hope so. After all, it’s hard to unravel the complexities of distant parts of the universe if we don’t know the basic rules. But what if this is wrong? There is a hint of evidence that the fundamental constants that govern our universe may evolve over time, and even from one location to another.

Written by Graeme Gossel and Matt O’Dowd
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Posted in Physics |

The Future of Space Telescopes

September 20th, 2017

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The mysteries of our universe seem limitless. However to unlock them, we’re going to need some incredible technologies to peer deeper and more sharply into space time.

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The Kepler mission has determined that terrestrial planets – that is, rocky planets like our Earth are extremely common, and may orbit most stars in the Milky Way. But these planets are extremely difficult to directly image because they’re dense and small. Our Sun is about ten billion times brighter than Earth. Train a distant telescope on us, and it will be overwhelmed by the Sun’s rays. So how can we find terrestrial planets around stars light years away?

Written by Alex Yep and Matt O’Dowd
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Posted in Physics |

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