How Do You Measure the Size of the Universe?

February 25th, 2015

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The universe is HUGE. But, there is only so much of the universe we can ACTUALLY see, and if we wanted to measure that FINITE space, how would we do it? A gigantic ruler? One really long car ride? Or maybe it’s something even more spectacular, something that involves not only the observable universe as it is NOW, but how it was when it was first BORN? Join Gabe in this week’s SpaceTime as he embarks on the quest to MEASURE THE SIZE OF THE UNIVERSE.

Extra Credit:
Much of this episode was based on this Nobel Prize winning paper.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/popular-physicsprize2011.pdf

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Comments:
PantsuMann
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAU9ofjcx-Y&lc=z13nctnimkrgfbmnu224dxjwqw3oj1t1e

Nik G
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAU9ofjcx-Y&lc=z13mwre5iujmutkt1235cvrjwm2dclxep

vegetaafh
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAU9ofjcx-Y&lc=z12zslixqvmdj3sn422bvxeifo3bdpwp104

Rob LaRosa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAU9ofjcx-Y&lc=z13kjbxjckq2dxh2u22pufc4tpygtvlxo04

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New SpaceTime episodes every Wednesday!

Want to ask some sort of crazy question about Space?:
Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
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Hosted by Gabe Perez-Giz
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)


Is It Irrational to Believe in Aliens?

February 18th, 2015

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Aliens! Could humans really be alone in this expansive universe? And if we’re not, how come we’ve never made contact with other intelligent life? Everyone’s thought about it; especially members of the scientific community. Join Gabe as he presents some of the most popular theories that scientists use to rationalize their support or skepticism of the existence of aliens. We may never know the answer to this age old question, but a little scientific thinking never hurt anybody!

Extra Credit:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_paradox
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_equation
http://www.nickbostrom.com/extraterrestrial.pdf

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Comments:
D. Moritz
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McsgRggUjE4&lc=z13eszqgvo33i1x2m23dtdyoowyjefau4

Gaëtan DO VAN LANH via Google+
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McsgRggUjE4&lc=z12pe5o5glbnvncty231fvgygubde34rz04

The Gentleman Physicist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McsgRggUjE4&lc=z12su3mzuom3zds0u23hetyoyqilsfvih04

Nicholas Feeley
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McsgRggUjE4&lc=z121zvar2uqjdzlel22mxz4bawjev3d0n

James Morgan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McsgRggUjE4&lc=z13dhrqizwajwvqeh23hf3kjmxz1wvar504

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New SpaceTime episodes every Wednesday!

Want to ask some sort of crazy question about Space?:
Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
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Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com

Hosted by Gabe Perez-Giz
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)


What Planet Is Super Mario World?

February 11th, 2015

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We’ve run, jumped, and stomped all over the world of Super Mario, but, where in the universe is Super Mario EXACTLY? It’s virtual so it obviously DOESN’T exist, but if it did, could Super Mario world be in our solar system? And what do the planet’s dynamics reveal about Mario’s crazy jumping ability? Join Gabe as he takes us on a rick-roaring tour of our known universe as we search for the answer in this week’s SpaceTime!

A Little More About Gabe
Gabe Perez-Giz is an astrophysicist who studies various aspects of black hole physics. He received his PhD from Columbia University and then worked as a postdoctoral researcher at NYU’s Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics. He also mentors high school students in astronomical research projects at the American Museum of Natural History. Basically, he knows stuff.

Extra Credit:

How ‘g’ relates to ‘h’ and ‘t’:
http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2007/mariogravity.shtml
https://www.cpp.edu/~ajm/professional/talks/conckine.pdf

How Tall Mario is:
http://krakelak.deviantart.com/art/Height-Chart-v1-447834080
http://www.vgf.com/forums/threads/vgb-nintendo-characters-height-weight.83443/

Other Super Mario World Gravity Studies:
http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2007/mariogravity.shtml
http://hamaluik.com/posts/super-mario-world-physics/

Learn More about Exoplanets
http://exoplanets.org/

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New SpaceTime episodes every Wednesday starting… today!

Want to ask some sort of crazy question about Space?:
Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
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Hosted by Gabe Perez-Giz
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)


Are featherless chickens really GMO/genetically-engineered?

February 5th, 2012
Are these GMO chickens? Genetically-engineered without feathers... naked, or are they actually just conventionally bred?
Genetic modification or just conventional breeding?

Pictures of these creepy new chickens are going around the web, claiming these are genetically modified organisms (GMO), however, it is reported that these chickens were created through conventional breeding by an Israeli scientist. They were bred using a bare-neck breed of chicken (likely what’s called the “turken“) that’s been around for decades, that was also conventionally bred. In other words, barring any newer mutations, these naked chickens theoretically could have been bred 3000 years ago with an intensive breeding program with no modern technologies.

Sure they look creepy, but so do naked mole rats and manatees, yet they are totally natural, and in the wild, not bred by humans at all.

The scientist does have some good points – this could be a good hot weather chicken and could do a little bit to impact the environment less.

Story on New Scientist: Featherless chicken creates a flap


Stephen Hawking says alien contact a bad idea

April 26th, 2010
Stephen Hawking
Stephen Hawking

In a new series on the Discovery Channel, Hawking explains “If aliens visit us, the outcome would be much as when Columbus landed in America, which didn’t turn out well for the Native Americans”.

My own thoughts are that it would be extremely hard to predict what intelligent aliens’ intentions might be, therefore it is safest to not have contact with them at all. That means, as Hawking also pointed out, not advertising our presence in the universe. In my opinion, sending out information out into space to meet these hopefully altruistic, nice aliens, as in the Pioneer 10 plaque, is naive and stupid beyond description. How do we know these aliens are going to be nice or even neutral? How do we know they wouldn’t wipe us out on contact? There is no way to know, therefore wisest to assume the worst. In the Army, they have a concept called “radio blackout”, where everyone turns off radio transmissions so that an enemy cannot find your position by triangulation. Could it be that other alien civilizations come to this same conclusion – that they can’t trust anyone else out there, and therefore enforce a permanent, planet-wide radio blackout? That would be one explanation of why we haven’t detected alien radio transmissions.

I also agree with Hawking’s point that just by statistical reasoning, any alien civilization more advanced than us, especially those with the ability of distant space travel, would be advanced to an extreme compared to us – likely by millions of years. I like to be an optimistic person, but resistance/defense would be absolutely hopeless. We would not be able to outsmart or defeat them with any weapons system, tactics or ideas we might have. Jeff Goldblum is not going to save us by uploading a virus. But the fact that we haven’t been destroyed already may mean no alien civilization out there is likely planning on it.

Alien
Do aliens have a
human-like form?

When I say “alien civilization”, the actual surviving lineage from a given planet may be a second or more generation life form or a system of AI-driven robots, that may have killed off or enslaved the original intelligent beings of the planet. In fact, even if the original aliens were still in control, they’d likely send robots on any deep space missions, rather than themselves. Of course we are doing this already, with Mars rovers, etc..

Would they know we are here? I suspect advanced alien civilizations would develop science and computer modeling to the point where they accurately can determine where in the universe life is most likely to develop.

Another point where I would side with Stephen Hawking is that animals on other planets would have surprisingly similar bodily arrangements/features as earth animals. I would go so far as to predict intelligent aliens would have a general human-like form, maybe not too unlike the “grays” type that has evolved in the popular imagination. My reasoning is the principle of convergent evolution – that is, that adaptions to very similar environmental/niche conditions produce similar adaptions.

That being said, life may be possible in other strange realms within the universe – that is, other combinations of conditions where life is possible and even likely. Could some form of life exist inside of stars or black holes? If life did exist in sets of conditions that were nothing like an earth-like planet, these principles of convergent evolution may not apply, and the form, behavior and chemical makeup of these life forms could be radically different.

I’ve noticed most theoretical physicists don’t theorize about evolution and life very well, but I have to say, Stephen Hawking does pretty good!


Jellyfish and shrimp-like animal found under antarctic ice

March 16th, 2010

Scientific researchers have discovered a kind of jellyfish and a shrimp-like animal 600 feet under an ice shelf in Antarctica, where no sunlight reaches. The discovery sheds light on just what types of lifeforms can survive where, for researchers.

However, in my estimation, just because life can survive 600 feet under an ice shelf on earth or deep underground on earth, doesn’t mean it would exist in equivalent spots on other planets and moons elsewhere in the universe. I think it would take somewhat robust success of life on a given planet or moon in more productive ecosystems to produce lifeforms that could thrive in such energy and heat starved environments. However, if a planet was more hostile, but had much, much more time for life to evolve or was even more overall stable than our planet has been, then complex life might arise in those challenging environments.

Shrimp found 600 feet below Antarctic ice


Ancient Greenlander’s DNA a surprise

February 12th, 2010
Prehistoric Greenland Man, 'Inuk'
Artist’s rendition of
ancient Greenlander

An analysis of an ancient Greenlander’s DNA (from a hair sample) yielded a surprise – that he was unrelated to modern, native Greenlanders and apparently was from a group that migrated from Siberia more recently than known ancestors of Native Americans. Researchers believe the group came from Siberia about 5,500 years ago and the man whose DNA was analyzed lived about 4,000 years ago.

This obviously blows up some previous assumptions about ancient migrations, etc., and I believe there will be many more surprises to be found in human DNA over the next couple of decades, revealing unexpected ancestries, migrations and more. Sure, 90% of archaeology, prehistory will remain the same, but 10% might need totally rewritten. Do South American natives have a small amount of Polynesian ancestry? Do Europeans carry any Neanderthal DNA at all? Mitochondrial DNA studies say something, but they don’t reveal the whole picture. Genetic contributors may leave no trace of mitochondrial DNA, though they contributed nuclear DNA. In fact, male-only contributors would leave no mitochondrial DNA trace at all, since mitochondrial DNA is only inherited through the mother. And simple genetic drift could easily wipe out maternal mitochondrial DNA contribution from female contributors, while the untested nuclear DNA contribution persists.

On a related note, who were the Clovis people? This finding with the ancient Greenlander DNA certainly lends credibility to the theories of the Clovis people being a genetically separate group who found the Americas on their own and died out or were assimilated into later migrations of the ancestors of modern Native Americans.

Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo (Nature)

Ancient Greenland gene map reveals surprise (TimesofMalta.com)


Folks trying genetic engineering at home

December 25th, 2008

Test tubes: Biotech experiments at home.Seems people are trying genetic engineering (or the more politically correct “genetic modification”) at home make-shift labs for all sorts of interesting projects. Many of these people are those who had the insight to study biotechnology in college, but didn’t find a job in the field. Is this a good or a bad thing? I’d say overall, it’s great. Sure, there is the risk that some sinister soul would try to concoct a bio-weapon, but much more likely, is that this will get citizens more comfortable with these extremely important technologies. In some cases, children in the family or community may get involved and be inspired to pursue a career in biotechnology. There’s nothing like a lab in the home or close to home, to make obvious the concrete reality of what can de done nowadays. And some very small percentage may actually be successful in creating something of value to society. Remember the garage/apartment tinkering that launched the personal computer revolution (If not, see Pirates of Silicon Valley)? Good luck getting the product to market without the idea being stolen by a huge corporation with an army of patent lawyers though (that’s another article).

Scientific education supply companies also now provide a suprising array of genetic engineering kits to get you started. These kits may not be set up to create anything of marketable value, but are intended to educate in the principles, practice and understanding of recombinant DNA technology. And that is quite valuable in itself!

Amateurs are trying genetic engineering at home (Associated Press)


Hobbits in Palau? More bones of little people found

March 16th, 2008

Location of Palau

A fascinating discovery has been made that may shed light on the Homo florensis mystery. Thousands of bones (dated 900 to 2,900 years old) have been found in caves in the Pacific island of Palau, the older of which are of humans 3 to 4 foot in height. Although the estimated brain size is twice that of the “Flores Hobbits”, the bones exhibit primitive characteristics.

Researchers are leaning on classifying these remains as Homo sapiens, with insular dwarfism, the island-dwarfing evolutionary effect.

See more on the story below:

National Geographic:
Ancient Bones of Small Humans Discovered in Palau

Scientific American: Hobbit Watch:
Tiny bones from Palau don’t detract from hobbit’s uniqueness


The Flores Hobbit: Cretins?

March 15th, 2008

I don’t think so.

You might have heard the lastest on the Flores hobbit story; that some Australian researchers are claiming they were actually modern humans suffering from cretinism (myxoedematous endemic cretinism, to be precise). The researchers include iodine deficiency as a cause of the cretinism.

Iodine deficiency is usually caused by a lack of seafood (in the days before idodized salt, of course), but remember the skeletons were found only 15 miles from the ocean shore. So my first thought was… when has 15 miles ever been much of a barrier to stone age hunters and gatherers? This just doesn’t add up.

An article on Scientific American shows most scientists don’t agree with this interpretation, and it is pointed out that the researchers didn’t even read the data correctly:

Scientific American: Hobbit Watch:
Experts slam the cretin hypothesis