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Learn about Horizon radiation and why it’s essential for us to understand as we continue our journey towards the Unruh Effect and Hawking Radiation.

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Previous Episode:
What Do Stars Sound Like?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbWyuJYybMA

Source material for our Sounds of Stars episode: MPL3D Solar System – Star Sounds”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ogyKgV4KN4

Both theories of relativity, special and general, tell us that many things are observer dependent. Different observers might disagree about the speeds, lengths, or times, but the laws of physics should be the same for everyone. And for two observers with very different, but constant speeds – inertial observers – the vacuum itself should appear the same.

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Find the experience here:
https://www.oculus.com/experiences/gear-vr/1499563420081410/

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Find out about the last time and the next time the Earth will be hit by a Gamma-ray Burst. You can learn more about your personal DNA story by going to https://23andme.com/spacetime

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Previous Episode:
The Origin of Our First Interstellar Visitor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYGs92-qnFY

Gamma-ray bursts are much less common than regular supernovae, and in fact regular supernovae can do just as much damage as a GRB. However, for a supernova to produce the same effects it needs to be much closer – within 20 to 30 light years. There are definitely no stars in that range that could explode any time soon. However the Sun isn’t stationary. It orbits the Milky Way, and its galactic neighbors come and go. Maybe in a few 250-million-year orbits we stellar timebomb will wander into our vicinity. However it’s really the GRBs that are most likely to hit us first, and hit us more often. We should certainly expect one in the next half-to-one-billion years, even if it’s not WR104.

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We were recently visited by a traveler from outside our solar system. This is the first time we’ve ever seen an object that came to us from interstellar space. It’s name is ‘Oumuamua. Check out http://curiositystream.com/spacetime

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Previous Episode:
Understanding the Uncertainty Principle with Quantum Fourier Series
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izqaWyZsEtY

In this Space Time Journal Club we look into the origins of ‘Oumuamua, an asteroid visiting us from beyond our solar system! We’ll focus on the results of:

“The origin of interstellar asteroidal objects like 1I/2017 U1”
Portegies Zwart, Pelupessy, Bedorf, Cai & Torres 2017
https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.03558

On October 19th this year astronomers spotted an object moving rapidly away from the sun. The discovery was made by Pan-STARRS – the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System: a group of telescopes that constantly monitor the sky for moving or variable objects like asteroids or comets, It was initially thought to be a new comet, but after 34 days of follow up observations and a bit of orbital mechanics, it became abundantly clear that we were looking at the first object ever observed that came from outside our solar system. The mysterious object has been dubbed 1I: the first object in a brand new International Astronomical Union class, with “I” standing for “interstellar”. 1I also scored a more poetic name: ‘Oumuamua, from the Hawaiian meaning “a messenger from afar arriving fast”.

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Sometimes intuitive, large-scale phenomena can give us incredible insights into the extremely unintuitive world of quantum mechanics. Sign up for your free trial of The Great Courses Plus at http://ow.ly/HAvT30beNAj

Today the humble sound wave is going to open the door to really understanding Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, and, ultimately quantum fields and Hawking radiation.

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Previous Episode:
Citizen Science + Zero-Point Challenge Answer | Space Time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFB8MsizvBc

One of the most difficult ideas to swallow in quantum mechanics is Werner Heisenberg’s famous uncertainty principle. It expresses the fundamental limit on the knowability of our universe. We’ve discussed it in our early videos on quantum mechanics, but it’s time we looked a little deeper. See, the apparent weirdness of the uncertainty principle hints at the even weirder underlying reality that gives rise to it. The universe we experience seems to be constructed of singular particles with well-defined properties. But this intuitive, mechanical reality is emergent from underlying reality in which the particles that form matter arise from of the combination of an infinity of possible properties. And forget matter – the vacuum itself is the sum of infinite possible particles. If we fully unravel this idea we’ll be on the verge of tackling things like Hawking radiation. But as you’ll see today, in that unraveling we are led, unavoidably, to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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The future of science is you.

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Previous Episode:
Suicide Space Robots | Space Time
https://youtu.be/_x2nL6ukJDg

The professional astronomer or astrophysicist is a pretty recent phenomenon. In the past, astronomy was often performed by nobility and extremely enthusiastic amateurs. Take William Herschel: by trade a classically trained musician, but as an amateur astronomer he discovered Uranus and was the first to observe binary star systems, among other things. Although it seems like the scientific exploration of our universe is now in the hands of full-time career astro-professionals, a ton of really valuable science is still done by people with proper day jobs. Today I want to talk about some of the stunning contributions still being made by citizen scientists, and the contributions YOU can make.

Links to citizen science programs:
JunoCam: http://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam
AAVSO: http://www.aavso.org
Zooniverse: http://www.zooniverse.org
Galaxy Zoo http://www.galaxyzoo.org
Backyard Worlds: backyardworlds.org
Seti@Home: setiathome.berkeley.edu
Einstein@Home einsteinathome.org
MilkyWay@Home milkyway.cs.rpi.edu/milkyway

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Let’s take a moment to remember the selfless sacrifices made by some amazing robotic explorers. And be sure to learn more about your personal DNA story by going to https://www.23andMe.com/spacetime and taking advantage of their special holiday offer.

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Previous Episode:
Zero-Point Energy Demystified | Space Time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rh898Yr5YZ8

It takes a lot of tech to send humans into space and to keep people alive up there, and get them safely home. But we have few qualms about sending robots on one-way suicide missions to the stars. And in some cases, the very destruction of these probes is part of the scientific experiment. Or in the case of the recent destruction of Cassini, to protect the solar system for future experiments. Today we’re going to memorialize the robots that have given their lives for in the name of space exploration.

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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Max Levine
Matthew O’Connor
Eugene Lawson
Barry Hatfield
Martha Hunt
Joseph Salomone
Chuck Zegar
Craig Peterson
Jordan Young
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John Hofmann

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Let’s talk about the mysterious zero-point energy and what it really can, and really can’t do.

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Previous Episode:
The Vacuum Challenge | Space Time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6jAOV7bZ3Y

The quantum field theory predicts that there exists an energy of the vacuum resulting from the non-zero zero-point energies of the quantum fields that fill our universe. As we discussed in our last episode on the vacuum catastrophe, this mismatch between the measured and theoretical values of vacuum energy is one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics.

Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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John Hofmann

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If vacuum energy really does have the enormous value predicted by quantum field theory then our gently expanding, geometrically flat universe shouldn’t exist. This is the vacuum catastrophe.

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Previous Episode:
The Missing Mask Mystery | Space Time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RchRrngfjQY

Links to Comments Response:

Michael
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5rAGfjPSWE&lc=z23swryzgkibc3atqacdp43a31ukx3xnflbaomxcwwlw03c010c

Jeremy Zambelli
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5rAGfjPSWE&lc=z23dhh04rtmeez1rb04t1aokgicw4o1gjiic2vmezi2fbk0h00410

TS1336
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5rAGfjPSWE&lc=z22sux052luoih4xz04t1aokgu2halbv0cnkiqu4azyerk0h00410

Eliran Cohen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5rAGfjPSWE&lc=z22yzr5z3u3yvn2hs04t1aokgnid302xmdruho1qwzylbk0h00410

Let’s talk about vacuum energy from a theoretical standpoint. From the perspective of quantum field theory, every point in space is represented by a quantum oscillator; one for each elementary particle type. Higher energy oscillations represent the presence of real particles. However even the lowest possible energy oscillation – the one corresponding to the absence of particles – has some energy.

Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
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Justin Lloyd

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Edmund Fokschaner
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Erik Stein
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J Rejc
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Avi Goldfinger
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Yubo Du
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Jessica Fraley
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For years, astronomers have been unable to find up to half of the baryonic matter in the universe. We may just have solved this problem.

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Previous Episode:
The Nature of Nothing | Space Time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5rAGfjPSWE&t=55s

Dark Matter!
https://youtu.be/z3rgl-_a5C0

Dark Energy Playlist
https://youtu.be/xZTb6sfHEX8?list=PLsPUh22kYmNA6WUmOsEEi32zi_RdSUF4i

We’ve known for some time that around 95% of the energy content of the universe is in dark matter and dark energy. This dark sector doesn’t interact with light in any way and so is invisible to us. The remaining 5% – the light sector – represents all of the regular matter in the universe. Yet what if I told you that all of the stars and galaxies and galaxy clusters only comprise 10% of the light sector. The rest has proved as elusive as the dark sector. We think it must exist as extremely diffuse gas in between the galaxies, yet our intense searches miss up to half of it. At least until now.

Resources
Graaff et al. 2017, “Missing Baryons in the Cosmic Web Revealed by the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect”
https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.10378v1

Tanimura et al. 2017, “A Search for Warm/Hot Gas Filaments Between Pairs of SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies”
https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.05024

Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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Graphics by Kurt Ross
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Alex Seto
Michal-Peanut Karmi
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Kevin Warne
JJ Bagnell
J Rejc
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John Pettit
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Florian Stinglmayr
Yubo Du
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Nathan Leniz
Jessica Fraley
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Brandon Labonte
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