Be sure to check out Matt’s AMA at https://www.reddit.com/r/science on Monday, June 13th. He’ll be discussing the upcoming documentary he was a part of Distant Quasars: Shedding Light on Black Holes http://www.amnh.org/explore/science-bulletins/(watch)/astro/documentaries/distant-quasars-shedding-light-on-black-holes

Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi
Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime at gmail dot com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime
Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Scientists at the Large Hadron Collider may have just discovered a new fundamental particle that could change the way we look at the universe. Is this Dark Energy? A giant Neutrino? The big brother of the Higgs Boson? Or could it be the mysterious Graviton? Matt also reveals the answer to the Dark Energy Challenge question and responds to comments from the Ice Age episode. We’ve got a lot going on, so check it out!

Examples from four of the major families of theoretical explanations for the 750 GeV excess: http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.150001

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Challenge Winners:
Pete Benzi astronomianova@gmail.com
Ingrid Skard ingrid.skard@gmail.com
Ryan Brown Ryan.Brown@unb.ca
Nicolai Veliki nickveliki@gmail.com
Sandra Unruh s6saunru@uni-bonn.de
Alex Gravenor blazingkin@gmail.com
Brian Ross bross14@jhmi.edu

You can review a more in-depth explanation of the challenge answers at the link below. The first document is the main question solution described in this video, and the second is the extra credit. The third provides the details of an analytical solution to the integral. Special thanks to Pete Benzi, who is not only one of our winners but also but also generously provided the extra credit solution (incl. the integral) we link to here. His was much more clearly presented than ours!

Main and extra credit solutions: http://bit.ly/1U7QeYu

Comments by:
Bockmaker

Xeneon341
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztninkgZ0ws&lc=z13nj5cownjkftpg304ccbnidubdtrjkt

sugershakify
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztninkgZ0ws&lc=z12fdxsgyy2zyzn2s224hty43mihu5uxl04

Start your Audible trial today: http://www.audible.com/spacetime

Hello from the other side. In this episode find out how quanta can can move through solid objects.

Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi
Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime
Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Where are you right now? Until you interact with another particle you could be any number of places within a wave of probabilities. This is only one way that quantum mechanics challenges our perception of reality. Matt dives into these counter-intuitive ideas and explains the bizarre phenomenon known as quantum tunneling in this episode of Space Time.

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

*Paper referenced in episode is “Measurement of the Single-Photon Tunneling Time” by Steinberg, Kwiat, & Chiao, 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 708 and can be found here: http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.708

Check out the previous episode of Space Time: Is an Ice Age Coming?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztninkgZ0ws

Spoiler: no (and climate change has nothing to do with this).

Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://pbsspacetime.com/

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

We’re living in a brief window of time where our planet isn’t frozen underneath a giant layer of glaciers. How much longer will the moderate climate that we’ve come to know as “normal” continue? What causes these dramatic shifts in temperature that thaw our planet and then throw it back into a state of deep freeze? This episode looks at how the changes in our planet’s orbit and rotation impacts our climate.

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Comments

4798alexander4798
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwYSWAlAewc&lc=z12zipcjznrwytotw23rxhx5mmz1sxwzq04

Ryan Lidster
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwYSWAlAewc&lc=z12uixvzbviqg1x0x23utbkjste5wd44u04

Physics Videos by Eugene Khutoryansky
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwYSWAlAewc&lc=z13zvjbhctujfpz2c22vvffigxiedttno

Other Links

Physics girl: Is Energy Always Conserved?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHCc9b2phn0

PBS Idea Channel: Is Math a Feature of the Universe or a Feature of Human Creation?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbNymweHW4E

What about dark energy allows it to resist the powerful inward pull of gravity and accelerate the rate of the universe’s expansion? Find out in this episode of Space Time. And watch our previous episodes on dark energy right here:
Part 1 – Will the Universe Expand Forever https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6…
Part 2 – Why the Universe Needs Dark Energy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4Pay…
Part 3 – What Does Dark Energy Really Do? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUE_L…

Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi

Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime
Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

We’ve come a long way in our understanding of dark energy. In previous episodes we’ve looked at how our universe is paradoxically flat and how dark energy is exponentially accelerating the expansion of the universe. In this episode of Space Time we dive into the true nature of dark energy and how its antigravity effect and its other properties are having such bizarre effects on our universe.

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Comments
James Bailey
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsARBnvUB2E&lc=z13pj5mygwqhi3t3k23bfdn5fyf1dbsep

Fros7bite
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsARBnvUB2E&lc=z135cleyiorcwhuke223ij3wgzbqs50si

Patrick Romo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsARBnvUB2E&lc=z13gfr2qkwaezxbu0231ftjxmu3vehuec

ArchNME
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsARBnvUB2E&lc=z13jfhk5mmjehhxrr04cfd3hivjotdmz1yk0k

1019wc1019
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsARBnvUB2E&lc=z13tjvvqxrapjplrw04ci3453zm2yt3iduk0k

Aging Reversed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsARBnvUB2E&lc=z13yyh45ntaft5pjn04cjthwdnrdfrhqwl00k

We’re living in the middle of a remarkable cosmic coincidence, an incredibly brief period of time where both matter and dark energy both play a part in the fate of our universe. To better understand this video watch our other Dark Energy episodes:
Part 1 – Will the Universe Expand Forever https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8
Part 2 – Why the Universe Needs Dark Energy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4PayaEgEZc
Part 3 – What Does Dark Energy Really Do? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUE_LUqcTvM

Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi

Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime

Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime

Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com

Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime

Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

In the past few episodes we have delved deep into cosmology. We have been building up the tools we need to understand dark energy and its influence on the universe. In this episode we will discuss the balance between dark energy and matter. If you add up the energy in any large volume of space, about 70% is dark energy and the remaining 30 % is “regular” matter. However the universe has been dark for a relatively short period. At some point in the past there was a perfect balance between energy and matter. Dark Energy has dominated the universe only during the tenure of life on Earth, although it’s effect has been felt for longer than that.

Here’s your Challenge question: For How many of those 100 past doublings has dark energy had any significant effect? Let’s say at least 10% of the energy density. And how for many of those infinite future doublings will regular matter and energy have a significant effect – again, at least 10% of the energy density?

Extra Credit: Also tell me how many billion years ago dark energy started to have a significant effect, and how many billion years in the future matter will cease to … matter?

Prizes: 3 Correct Answers for the “simple” question and 3 Correct Answers for the extra credit parts will receive Space Time t-shirts. To be eligible please explain your reasoning and show your working. Feel free to propose any solutions you come up with for the apparent cosmological coincidence. Do NOT give answers in the comment section – that’ll disqualify you for this and future challenge questions. Email your answers to pbsspacetime@gmail.com with the subject line Dark Energy Challenge within two weeks. We will filter by subject line, so make sure sure you use exactly this phrase to be considered.

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Will Breakthrough Starshot make it to Alpha Centauri? Let’s find out.

Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi

Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime

Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime

Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com

Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime

Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Yuri Milner’s Breakthrough Starshot is an interstellar travel expedition unlike any other before it. It’s many years in the making and is contingent on a series of incredible advancements in nanotechnology, materials science and laser power. Despite these hurdles, the project has been backed by some of the greatest minds in science today, including Stephen Hawking, legendary engineer Freeman Dyson, UK Astronomer Royal Martin Rees and dark energy Nobel Laureate Saul Perlmutter. Just how likely is it that Starshot’s journey to Alpha Centauri will succeed?

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

And be sure to check out our good friend Physics Girl’s video on Lightsails! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIuvIDhcs8E
Comments
Satya Prakash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUE_LUqcTvM&lc=z12hu3v5llqfinenf22zfvo5eur2vftyy04

Scot McPhee
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUE_LUqcTvM&lc=z13qwhvw1t3jxxpuz23rwhggwmqgfh3xy04

Sandeep Siwach
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUE_LUqcTvM&lc=z12vxzcyxnbncpm0j22ozrtwqyi4fff5204

Accessless
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUE_LUqcTvM&lc=z13thniqovzydhqcn22tf10y2waahjjhu04

Adrian Abdel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUE_LUqcTvM&lc=z124f52hsxaoi3o0a22aex3hqoiaxtvdl

________________________________________________________________

Breakthrough Starshot Initiative
http://breakthroughinitiatives.org/Initiative/3

Geoffrey Landis on light sails
http://www.geoffreylandis.com/laser_ion.htp

Dark energy, what exactly does it do? Find out in this episode of Space Time! Part 3 in our Dark Energy series.
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4PayaEgEZc
____________________________________________________________

Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi

Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime

Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime

Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com

Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime

Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

How does dark energy affect the universe’s expansion? Measuring past expansion history should tell us the future expansion without ever having to count any galaxies. To measure this we need to measure the redshift-distance relationship, which we will talk about in detail in this episode.

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Comments
Pravar Parekh
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4PayaEgEZc&lc=z13yy1xzenqrj1tnp22etlby2syevrie4

Yeshwanth Vejendla
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4PayaEgEZc&lc=z13pvhdpjrfcsl14u04ce3dgrzy5frjqb34

Thomas Waclav (Ceasar)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4PayaEgEZc&lc=z13fcd5quk3svhbp304cfdjbwwndihnqwj0

Austin Pinheiro
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4PayaEgEZc&lc=z12zgtdockbruxrih04cib2qwqfhgnrxjk00k
____________________________________________________________

White dwarf supernova simulation from “Three-Dimensional Simulations of the Deflagration Phase of the Gravitationally Confined Detonation Model of Type Ia Supernovae”, Jordan et al., 2007, http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0703573

Supernova Cosmology Project: Perlmutter et al. 1999, http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9812133

High-Z Supernova Search Team: Riess et al. 1998, http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9805201

Part 2 in our Dark Energy series.
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8

Check out our sister channel Crash Course Physics to learn more about the basic foudations of Physics:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZM8ECpBuQYE&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtN0ge7yDk_UA0ldZJdhwkoV

Get your own Space Time t-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi

Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime
Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Now that we know the universe will continue to expand forever, we can begin to complete the first Friedmann equation, and determine the shape and geometry of our universe. At first glance, it would seem that the equation doesn’t quite add up, and that our universe is a hyperbolic plane. But when we add in the cosmological constant, the equation balances out, and we return to a flat universe.

_____________________

COMMENTS:

Deiter Meena
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8&lc=z13uzj2y2uf2xl3ck23zwfuxkqyzidsfh

Jack W
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8&lc=z13rih2gupnudr3x004cjbw4pyryezmi0ig

Mychelly Goulart
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8&lc=z13mzpkq3qauip1xw04cjvoxxsj1fhv5uac

Tomek Wooff
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8&lc=z12hxbtrbvezin5ra04cd3cyrou3fxk55o00k

Mr B
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8&lc=z13qfhkoclzqf11dx235d3zj0zucyjsxj04

______________________

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Will the Universe continue to expand outward or will it succumb to gravity and collapse upon itself? Find out in this episode of Space Time. Help us win a Webby Award by voting here: https://pv.webbyawards.com/2016/online-film-video/video-channels-and-networks/science-education

Get your own Space Time t-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi

Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime
Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Throughout history, there has been much speculation about what the fate of the universe would be. Many theorized that the universe would eventually succumb to the pull of gravity, and reverse its expansion in what was being called ‘The Big Crunch.’ However, with the help of mathematical equations from Newton, Einstein, and Alexander Friedmann, we now have an answer.

Special thanks to NAOJ and the European Southern Observatory for allowing usage of their photo of M83: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap151008.html

Flourine production in lower mass stars: http://phys.org/news/2014-08-toothpaste-fluorine-stars.html
_____________________

Correction:
escape velocity = square root of (2GM/r)
– we accidentally left out the 2
_____________________

COMMENTS:

Henrique Rigitano
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yLGeviU8FM&lc=z12menfxkpjnwfkfw23ehh4jwmqgst3ag04

ReVenGe TheRedFireFox
[deleted]

Richard van der Linden
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yLGeviU8FM&lc=z13vglqyqzz4zbljq04cfthoqynjxhpwer00k

Mason Glaves
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yLGeviU8FM&lc=z12cgzexssvbzb5ls23csfyq4papudwco

Rod Landaeta
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yLGeviU8FM&lc=z13icr0jtzzqj5ro304cjjmbnpqstrnx52c

______________________

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Joni Mitchell was right, we are stardust.

Get your own Space Time t-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi

Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime
Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Stars are our stellar alchemists. They spend their entire lifespan creating and molding elements. In their final moments, a supernova spreads these elements out into the universe, providing the building blocks for new stars, planets, and even us!

‘The Recipe For Life…’ by It’s Okay To Be Smart
http://bit.ly/1UJbRkn

Colliding neutron stars produce heavy elements
Berger, Fong & Chornock 2013 http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.3960
https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2013-19

Stellar Alchemist song by Kim Boekbinder
http://kimboekbinder.bandcamp.com/
_____________________

COMMENTS:

Al Hartman
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blSTT…

dredawgz1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blSTT…

Adrian Blue
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blSTT…

mukul gupta
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blSTT…

______________________

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)