We visited the US Navy to test the best night vision goggles in the world. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to https://ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically.

Huge thanks to Dr. Ben Conley and the entire team at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division. You can check out more of their work here: https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/Warfare-Centers/NSWC-Crane/
Or their YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/NSWCCraneDivision

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Video References:
Tyson, J. (2001). How Night Vision Works. How Stuff Works. – https://ve42.co/HSWNightVision
Montoro, H. P. Image Intensification: The Technology of Night Vision. Photonics. – https://ve42.co/PhotonicsTech
Brain Stuff – HowStuffWorks via YouTube – https://ve42.co/HSWVideo
Photonis via YouTube – https://ve42.co/Photonis
Operator Drewski via YouTube – https://ve42.co/NVGaming
Night-vision device via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/NVWiki
Image intensifier via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Intensifier
Lodriguss, J. How Digital Cameras Work. AstroPix. –https://ve42.co/AstroPix
Kinka-Byo. (2019). What is the physical cause of increasing noise at high ISO? StackExchange. – https://ve42.co/PhotoISO
Macias, A. (2015). The secret NVGs SEAL Team Six wore on the Bin Laden raid. Business Insider. – https://ve42.co/BINightVision
Van Dommelen, L. Thermionic Emis­sion. Quan­tum Me­chan­ics for En­gi­neers. – https://ve42.co/Thermoionic
Nave, R. (2016). Blackbody Radiation. HyperPhysics. – https://ve42.co/BlackBody
Night Vision Terminology – Generations. ModArmory. – https://ve42.co/ModArmory
NASA (2018). X-ray Detectors – Electrical Current Detections. – https://ve42.co/NASAXRay

Images & Video:
Osama Bin Laden report, via CNN on YouTube – https://ve42.co/CNNOBL
Sicario Night Raid Scene, via Movieclips on YouTube – https://ve42.co/Sicario
Splinter Cell footage, via Ubisoft on YouTube – https://ve42.co/SplinterCell
Step Brothers Night Vision Scene, via masusockvevo on YouTube – https://ve42.co/StepBrothers
Ukraine report, via CNN on YouTube – https://ve42.co/CNNUkraine
FLIR K2 Thermal Imaging Camera footage, via Teledyne FLIR on YouTube – https://ve42.co/FLIRK2
Chandra X-ray Observatory imagery, via NASA – https://ve42.co/NASAChandra

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Ivy Tello
Filmed by Trenton Oliver, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Raquel Nuno
Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

The Robots Are Coming https://www.farzadmesbahi.com/merch
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I worked at Tesla starting in July of 2017 as an Operations Analyst out of the Bethlehem, PA distribution center facility and left as a Program Manager based out of Austin, TX as of September 2021. I spent most of my time in the distribution and supply chain organizations.

Before Tesla, I was a Director of Business Intelligence and Pricing at the largest Pet Food & Supply distributor in the US, Phillips Pet Food & Supplies based out of Easton, PA. My wife and I also owned a small business in Bethlehem, PA between 2016 and 2019.

I have been a shareholder of Tesla since 2012 and currently own Tesla stock.

My thoughts are my own and are not representative of everyone who currently works, or has worked at Tesla.

If you like this content I would greatly appreciate your likes and shares!

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To kickstart your business or online store with a free trial of Shopify, go to http://shopify.com/veritasium

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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Huge thanks to Carlo Rovelli: https://t.co/FF5ohRQB8R
And Geraint Lewis: https://www.geraintflewis.com/

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Images and references:
Holographic wormhole, via Nature – https://ve42.co/Holographic

‘Did physicists create a wormhole in a quantum computer?’ by Davide Castelvecchi, via Nature – https://ve42.co/NatureWormhole

Traversable Holographic Wormhole by Sarag Wells, via Vice – https://ve42.co/ViceWormhole

‘Quantum teleportation opens a ‘wormhole in space–time’’ by Martijn Boerkamp, via Physics World – https://ve42.co/PWTeleportation

‘Physicists Create a Holographic Wormhole’ by Natalie Wolchover, via Quanta – https://ve42.co/QuantaWormhole

‘the Smallest, Crummiest Wormhole You Can Imagine’, via The New York Times – https://ve42.co/NYTWormhole

‘How Physicists Created a Holographic, via Quanta – https://ve42.co/QuantaYTWormhole

Quantum computer imagery, via Quantumai – https://ve42.co/Quantumai

‘Nuclear fusion breakthrough’, via Sky News – https://ve42.co/SkyWormhole

‘NASA scientist explains why images from new telescope astounded him’, via CNN on YouTube – https://ve42.co/CNNWormhole

‘Neutrino Faster Than Speed of Light’, via Associated Press – https://ve42.co/APWormhole

‘Michio Kaku on Quantum Computing’, via PowerfulJRE – https://ve42.co/JRE

AskScience AMA Series, via r/askscience on Reddit – https://ve42.co/ClimateAMA

‘Professor Andrei Linde celebrates physics breakthrough’, via Stanford – https://ve42.co/AndreiLinde

‘Gravitational waves turn to dust’ by Ian Sample, via The Guardian – https://ve42.co/Waves2Dust

‘The First Room-Temperature Ambient-Pressure Superconductor’, Sukbae Lee, Ji-Hoon Kim, Young-Wan Kwon, 2023, via arXiv – https://ve42.co/Superconductor

‘What’s the buzz about LK-99?’, via Global News – https://ve42.co/GlobalLK99

Meissner effect, via @andrewmccalip on Twitter – https://ve42.co/Meissner

‘Will LK99 Superconductor CHANGE THE WORLD?’, via Breaking Points on YouTube – https://ve42.co/BreakingPoints

‘Superconductor Breakthroughs’, via WSJ – https://ve42.co/WSJSuperconductor

LK99 claims forum post, via Spacebattles – https://ve42.co/KL99Forum

Copper graph, via Handbook of Electromagnetic Materials – https://ve42.co/CopperGraph

LK-99 Superconductor ​showing levitation – https://ve42.co/Levitation

‘Unreliable social science research’ by Cathleen O’Grady, via Science – https://ve42.co/SocialScience

Tiny Neutrinos article by Dennis Overbye, via The NYT – https://ve42.co/NYTNeutrinos

‘The Crisis in Cosmology’ by Astrophysics in Process, via Medium – https://ve42.co/CosmoCrisis

‘Some scientists speak of a “crisis in cosmology.”’ by Adam Frank, via Big Think – https://ve42.co/BigThinkCosmo

‘Why is there a ‘crisis’ in cosmology?’ by Paul Sutter, via Space – https://ve42.co/SpaceCosmo

‘Breakthrough in nuclear fusion, via PBS NewsHour on YouTube – https://ve42.co/PBSBreakthrough

DOE National Lab press conference, via U.S. Department of Energy on YouTube – https://ve42.co/DOEPress

‘Nuclear fusion breakthrough’ by Catherine Clifford, via CNBC – https://ve42.co/CNBCFusion

‘US officials announce nuclear fusion breakthrough’, via CNN – https://ve42.co/CNNFusion

Nuclear fusion article, via CNN – https://ve42.co/CNNNuclear

Climate catastrophe article by Robin McKie, via The Guardian – https://ve42.co/GuardianClimate

Nuclear fusion article by Nicola Davis, via The Guardian – https://ve42.co/GuardianFusion

Fusion breakthrough article, via Imperial College London – https://ve42.co/ImperialFusion

Wednesday briefing by Archive Bland, via The Guardian – https://ve42.co/GuardianBriefing

Sky Sport News Bulletin, via Sky Sport NZ on YouTube – https://ve42.co/SkyBulletin

Alien Probe Ignored Us article by Ed Maz – https://ve42.co/AlienProbe

Attempts to scan the mysterious Oumuamua ‘comet’ article by Shivali Best, via MailOnline – https://ve42.co/Oumuamua

‘Have Aliens Found Us?’ by Isaac Chotiner – https://ve42.co/NYTAliens

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Derek Muller and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Geoff Barrett

The Holy Ghost Pictograph at Canyonlands National Park might just be the best example of Native American Rock Art in the world. This 7.5 mile round trip hike was incredible, and I made this video to help you get a good understanding of what it was like. This particular canyon is called Horse Shoe Canyon, and it features petroglyphs, pictographs, and artifacts all around. The highlight of the trip is the Holy Ghost Pictograph at the Great Gallery.

Do you like Historical Oddities? Please help support my work by checking out my book, “Enigmatic North America: Legends, Oddities, and Controversial History.” – Both my paperback book and ebook are available on amazon – https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CLK35R13

Thanks for watching my videos!

Discover strange new universes that turn up at the core of Einstein’s General Relativity. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever:
https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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A massive thank you to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for all his help with this video.

A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis and Dr. Ashmeet Singh for helping us understand the applications of Non-Euclidean geometry in astronomy/cosmology.

Lastly, a big thank you to Dr. Henry Segerman and Dr. Rémi Coulon for helping us visualize what it’s like to be inside hyperbolic space and helping us understand hyperbolic geometry.

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Images:
Euclid via Science Museum Group – https://ve42.co/Euclid

Geodesy survey via ams – https://ve42.co/Geodesy

John Wheeler via NAS Online – https://ve42.co/Wheeler

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References:
Dunham, W. (1991). Journey through Genius: Great Theorems of Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons.

Bonola, R. (1955). Non-Euclidean geometry: A critical and historical study of its development. Courier Corporation.

Library of Congress. (n.d.). The Library of Congress. – https://ve42.co/LibofCongress

Euclid’s Elements, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Elements

The History of Non-Euclidean Geometry, Extra History via YouTube – https://ve42.co/ExtraHistory

We (could) live on a 4D Pringle – Physics for the Birds via YouTube – https://ve42.co/4DPringle

Parallel Postulate, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Parallel

Prékopa, A., & Molnár, E. (Eds.). (2006). Non-euclidean geometries: János Bolyai memorial volume (Vol. 581). Springer Science & Business Media.

St Andrews, University of. (n.d.). Bolyai. MacTutor History of Mathematics. – https://ve42.co/Bolyai

Bolyai, J. (1896). The Science Absolute of Space.. (Vol. 3). The Neomon.

Gauss, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Gauss

Singh, U. (2022). Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevsky: The dawn of non-euclidean geometry. Medium. – https://ve42.co/CPNonEuclidean

Landvermessung, D. Z. (1929). Abhandlungen ueber Gauss’ wissenschaftliche Taetigkeit auf den Gebieten der Geodaesie, Physik und Astronomie Bd. 11, Abt. – https://ve42.co/Landvermessung

Nikolai Lobachevsky, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Lobachevsky

Lobachevskiĭ, N. I. (1891). Geometrical researches on the theory of parallels. University of Texas.

A Problem with the Parallel Postulate, Numberphile via YouTube – https://ve42.co/NumberphileParallel

Riemann, B. (2016). On the hypotheses which lie at the bases of geometry. Birkhäuser. – https://ve42.co/Riemann

Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Annalen der physik, 17(10), 891-921. – https://ve42.co/Einstein1905

ESA/Hubble. (n.d.). Hubblecast 90: The final frontier of the Frontier Fields. ESA/Hubble. – https://ve42.co/Einstein1905

Agazie, G., et al. (2023). The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Constraints on supermassive black hole binaries from the gravitational-wave background. – https://ve42.co/NANOGrav

Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background, PBS Spacetime via YouTube – https://ve42.co/PBSCMB

Wood, C. (2020). How Ancient Light Reveals the Universe’s Contents. Quanta Magazine. – https://ve42.co/AncientLight

Collaboration (2014). Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters. A&A, 571, A16. – https://ve42.co/Planck2013

WMAP Science Team, NASA. (2014). Matter in the Universe. WMAP, NASA. – https://ve42.co/WMAP2014

What Is The Shape of Space, minutephysics via YouTube – https://ve42.co/SpaceShape

Shape of the universe, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/UniverseShape

Crocheting Hyperbolic Planes: Daina Taimina by Ted, via YouTube – https://ve42.co/Hyperbolic

Hyperbolic Crochet model – https://ve42.co/Crochet

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Alex Kontorovich
Edited by Jack Saxon
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Mike Radjabov
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek and Celia Bode
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, and by courtesy of: NASA, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA’s WMAP science teams, ESO, and ESA/Hubble.
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley

YES, THIS IS A REUPLOAD. The original was age-restricted and demonetized. To support the channel directly, you can buy Snatoms: https://ve42.co/snatoms1 https://ve42.co/amzn or support on Patreon: https://ve42.co/p

Fritz Haber is the scientist who arguably most transformed the world.
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A huge thanks to Dan Charles for writing a fantastic biography of Fritz Haber, for taking the time to talk to us about it, and providing valuable feedback. This video would not be what it is without his contributions. http://site.danielcharles.us https://ve42.co/Charles

Thanks to Tom de Prinse from Explosions and Fire for helping us with the chemistry of explosives. If you like explosions and/or fire, you will love his channel. https://www.youtube.com/c/ExplosionsFire2

Thanks to Michael Kuiper of CSIRO for the animation of the composition of air – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9JvX58aRfg

Special thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Karl Kruszelnicki, Mary Dobbie, Olivia McRae, and the patreon supporters for giving us feedback on the earlier version of this video.

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References:

The primary reference used is Vaclav Smil’s excellent book, Enriching The Earth –
Smil, V. (2004). Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. MIT press. – https://ve42.co/Smil

Mastermind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare, by Dan Charles – https://ve42.co/Charles

Stoltzenberg, D. (2004). Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Chemical Heritage Foundation. – https://ve42.co/Stoltzenberg

Postgate, J. R. (1982). The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. CUP Archive. – https://ve42.co/postgate

Miles, A. G. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. – https://ve42.co/Miles

Friedrich, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Clara Immerwahr: A life in the shadow of Fritz Haber. In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences(pp. 45-67). Springer, Cham. – https://ve42.co/Friedrich2017

Da Silva, G. (2020). What is ammonium nitrate, the chemical that exploded in Beirut. Sci Am, 5. – https://ve42.co/Silva

Rodrigues, P., & Micael, J. (2021). The importance of guano birds to the Inca Empire and the first conservation measures implemented by humans. – https://ve42.co/rodrigues

Allison, F. E. (1957). Nitrogen and soil fertility. Soil, the, 85-94. – https://ve42.co/Allison

Crookes, W. (1898). Address of the President before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1898. Science, 8(200), 561-575. – https://ve42.co/Crookes

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy ‘kkm’ K’Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

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Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson and Kovi Rose
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animation by Jakub Mistek, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Alex Drakoulis, Nils Ramses Kullack, and Charlie Davies
SFX by Shaun Clifford
Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno
Photo of nitrogen deficiency in rice from https://ve42.co/rice
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound: https://ve42.co/music

He held his breath for 17 minutes. How can you do the same? Check out our sponsor: https://betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.

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A huge thanks to Brandon Birchak for all his help with this video. To learn how to hold your breath for 5 minutes, or see one of Brandon’s performances, visit https://eliteperformancedesign.com and https://Sixfootcreations.com

A special thanks to Juan Valdivia for his expert advice on the science of extreme breath holding.

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References:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). How your body controls breathing. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. – https://ve42.co/BodyBreathing

Anatomy, autonomic nervous system – statpearls – NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-a). – https://ve42.co/ANS

Biochemistry, oxidative phosphorylation – statpearls – NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-c). – https://ve42.co/ncbiATP

Acidosis. Acidosis – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). – https://ve42.co/Acidosis

Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis. Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US. (n.d.). – https://ve42.co/Alkalosis

Wilmshurst, P. (1998, October 10). Diving and Oxygen. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). – https://ve42.co/DivingO

López-Barneo, J., Ortega-Sáenz, P., Pardal, R., Pascual, A., & Piruat, J. I. (2008). Carotid body oxygen sensing. European Respiratory Journal, 32(5), 1386-1398. – https://ve42.co/Barneo2008

Jeff, & Huffy. (2022, November 17). The Bolt score test: Measure your breathing volume capacity. Marathon Handbook. – https://ve42.co/BOLT

Lindholm, P., & Lundgren, C. E. (2009). The physiology and pathophysiology of human breath-hold diving. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(1), 284-292. – https://ve42.co/Lindholm2009

Physiology, lung capacity – statpearls – NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-c). – https://ve42.co/LungCapacity

Panneton, W. M., & Gan, Q. (2020). The mammalian diving response: inroads to its neural control. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 524. – https://ve42.co/Panneton2020

Baković, D., Eterović, D., Saratlija‐Novaković, X., Palada, I., Valic, Z., Bilopavlović, N., & Dujić, X. (2005). Effect of human splenic contraction on variation in circulating blood cell counts. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 32(11), 944-951. https://ve42.co/Bakovic2005

Gooden, B. (1971). The diving response in man, rat and echidna (Doctoral dissertation). – https://ve42.co/Gooden1971

Longest duration breath hold – freediving static apnea (male). Guinness World Records. (n.d.). – https://ve42.co/DivingRecord

What’s the longest a human can hold their breath underwater? BBC Science Focus Magazine. (n.d.). – https://ve42.co/Southwell2023

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Derek Muller
Written by Felicity Nelson and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Ivy Tello
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Derek Muller and Han Evans
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

Earth has been closer to Nuclear War more times than you’d think. Head over to
https://hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code ‘Veritasium’ for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect.

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References:
List of Broken Arrows — https://ve42.co/AtomicArchive https://ve42.co/BrokenArrowsReport
Declassified Goldsboro Report — https://ve42.co/Goldsboro
Operation ChromeDome — https://ve42.co/OperationChromeDome
CIA website — https://ve42.co/CIA

Cataclysmic cargo: The hunt for four missing nuclear bombs after a B-52 crash — https://ve42.co/WoPo
THE LAST FLIGHT OF HOBO 28 — https://ve42.co/lastflight
The Voice of Larry Messinger is from this documentary — https://ve42.co/Messinger
Even Without Detonation, 4 Hydrogen Bombs From ’66 Scar Spanish Village — https://ve42.co/NYTPalomares
Decades Later, Sickness Among Airmen After a Hydrogen Bomb Accident — https://ve42.co/NYTPalomares2
Picture of ReVelle — https://ve42.co/JackReVelle1
Great NPR where the audio of ReVelle is from — https://ve42.co/JackReVelle2
CIA Website — https://ve42.co/CIA

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello and Mike Radjabov
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

There is an entire branch of math simply devoted to knots – and it has changed the world. We’ll rope you in. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever:
https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB

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Huge thanks to Prof. Colin Adams for his excellent help guiding us through the world of knots.
Many thanks to Prof. Doug Smith, Dorian Raymer, Prof. David Leigh, and Prof. Dorothy Buck for helping us understand applications of knot theory.
Many thanks to Prof. Dan Silver & Prof. Jim Hoste for speaking with us about the history and tabulation of knots.

If you want to learn more about knots and play with them yourself, check out:
The amazing KnotPlot tool — https://knotplot.com/. Thanks to Rob Scharein for providing technical help as well!
A table of knots and all their invariants — https://knotinfo.math.indiana.edu/
The Knot Atlas for general info on knots — http://katlas.org/wiki/Main_Page

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Knot Theory Video References – https://ve42.co/KnotTheoryRefs

Images & Video:
Alexander Cutting the Gordian Knot by Donato Creti via Fine Art America – https://ve42.co/GordianCut
Indus Valley tablet via Quora – https://ve42.co/IndusValley
Pages from the Book of Kells via National Trust of Scotland – https://ve42.co/BookOfKells
Medieval Celtic designs from @thebookofkellsofficial via Instagram – https://ve42.co/KellsInsta
Chinese knotwork by YWang9174 via Wikimedia Commons – https://ve42.co/Panchang
Quipu cords by Pi3.124 via Wikimedia Commons – https://ve42.co/Quipu
Borromeo heraldry via Terre Borromeo – https://ve42.co/Borromeo
Birman/Jones letter via Celebratio Mathematica – https://ve42.co/JonesBirman
Molecular trefoil knot by M stone via Wikimedia Commons – https://ve42.co/TrefoilMolecule
X-ray structure of trefoil knot by Ll0103 via Wikimedia Commons – https://ve42.co/XrayTrefoil
Bacteria animation from Your Body’s Molecular Machines by Drew Berry via the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research – http://wehi.tv
Topoisomerase and knots from Orlandini et al. Synergy of topoisomerase. PNAS, vol. 116, no. 17, 2019, pp. 8149–8154. – https://ve42.co/Orlandini2019
KnotProt 2.0: A database of proteins with knots and slipknots – https://ve42.co/Knotprot

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek, and Mike Radjabov
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Emily Zhang
Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci and Mike Radjabov
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

Blimps and airships might be relics of the past, but could they help save the future? Head to https://www.odoo.com/r/veritasium to start building your own website for free.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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Thank you to Eli Dourado for letting us explore the argument he describes in his article: https://ve42.co/Dourado

A huge thank you to Dan Grossman and Nick Allman for their time, help, and expertise.

Also a massive thank you to those who helped us understand the world of modern airships, and provided valuable feedback – Prof. Barry Prentice, Gennadiy Verba, Prof.
Christoph Pflaum, Heather Roszczyk, Dr. Casey Handmer, Richard Van Trueren, & Thibault Proux.

We are also grateful for the collaboration of the companies who are working hard to make this comeback happen – Atlas LTA, Buoyant Aircraft Systems International, Hybrid Air Vehicles, LTA Research, & Flying Whales.

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References:

How Airships Could Overcome a Century of Failure, Bloomberg Originals via YouTube – https://ve42.co/AirshipsCoF

Why the Airship May Be the Future of Air Travel, Undecided with Matt Ferrell via YouTube – https://ve42.co/FutureAirships

Airship, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/AirshipWiki

Handmer, C. (2020). A quick note on airships. Casey Handmer’s Blog – https://ve42.co/Handmer2020

UNCTAD (2020). Review of Maritime Transport 2020 – https://ve42.co/RMT2020

National Transportation Research Center (2023). Freight Analysis Framework Version 5 (FAF5) – https://ve42.co/FAF5

Hybrid Air Vehicles (2023). HAV – https://ve42.co/HAV

LTA Research (2023). Lighter Than Air (LTA) Research – https://ve42.co/LTAResearch

OceanSkyCruises (2023). North Pole Expedition – OceanSkyCruises – https://ve42.co/NPExpedition

Flying Whales (2023). Flying Whales – https://ve42.co/FlyingWhales

Buoyant Aircraft Systems International (2023). BASI – https://ve42.co/BASI

Atlas LTA (2023). Atlas Electric Airships | Atlas LTA Airships – https://ve42.co/AtlasLTA

Prentice, B. (2021). Hydrogen gas-fuelled airships could spur development in remote communities. The Conversation – https://ve42.co/HydrogenAirships

Grossman, D. (2009). The Hindenburg Disaster. Airships – https://ve42.co/Hindenburg1

Hindenburg Disaster, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/HindenburgWiki

What happened to the Hindenburg?, Jared Owen via Youtube – https://ve42.co/Owen2019

National Museum of the U.S. Navy. USS Akron (ZRS-4) – https://ve42.co/USSAkron

USS Akron, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/USSAkronWiki

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Written by Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Directed by Casper Mebius
Edited by Jack Saxon
Filmed by Derek Muller, Jamie MacLeod, Han Evans, & Raquel Nuno
Animation by Mike Radjabov & Fabio Albertelli
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, & Envato Elements
Music from Epidemic Sound & Pond5
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, & Han Evans

More footage & photos from:
Thermite Rail Welding video by dulevoz via YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNjosF789X4

O’Rourke, T. (2016). Chronicle Covers: When the Hindenburg burst into flames. San Francisco Chronicle – https://ve42.co/Hindenburg2

Wind turbine blade transport video by DOLL Fahrzeugbau via YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aPXuap0LZw

Wind turbine blade transport through mountains video by CGTN via Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dtUrY8_1CM

Former Airship Hangar by Stefan Kühn – https://ve42.co/Aerium