Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Damien, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee
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Writer and Director: Derek Muller
Editor: Trenton Oliver
Additional Photography: James Horsley, Callum Cuttle, and Miguel Duarte
Researcher: Aakash Singh Bagga
Animator: Peter Nelson
Production Team: Katy Southwood, Josh Pitt & Matthew Cavanagh
Executive Producer: Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman
Hernando de Soto’s expedition was one of the most violent and disastrous Spanish Conquistador colonization efforts in North American history. In the early 1540s, De Soto and hundreds of Spanish soldiers marched through what is now the southeastern United States in search of gold, enslaving Native peoples, burning towns, and destabilizing entire regions. Along the way, they became the first Europeans to document the Mississippi River. They eventually fought Tuscaloosa at Mabila in Alabama.
Thousands of Natives were killed and half the Spanish Expedition would die.
If you would like to support my work, please consider buying a Muir Way Map with the following link! Please give “Incredible History” credit in the post purchase survey – https://linktr.ee/incredhistory
The Florida of the Inca – Garcilaso de la Vega – 1605
Narrative of the Expedition of Hernando de Soto into Florida , published in 1557 by a Gentleman of Elvas
The De Soto chronicles : the expedition of Hernando de Soto to North America in 1539-1543
by Clayton, Lawrence A; Knight, Vernon J; Moore, Edward C. (Edward Carter), 1917
How an argument between Einstein and Bohr changed quantum mechanics forever.
Sponsored by NordVPN – 🌏 Get exclusive NordVPN deal here: https://NordVPN.com/veritasium It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee!✌
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Thank you to Dr Adam Becker for his help with this video – check out his book here https://ve42.co/WhatReal
And special thanks to Thierry Avignon, Benjamin Vest, and Lionel Jacubowiez of the Institut d’Optique Graduate School – Laboratoire d’Enseignement Expérimental (LEnsE)
Correction:
30:53 Electrons and Positrons not Protons
▀▀▀
0:00 The Speed of Gravity
3:07 Spooky Action at a Distance
5:21 The Copenhagen Interpretation
9:12 The EPR Paradox and Hidden Variables
17:25 Einstein vs Bohr
20:51 John Bell and Entanglement
22:14 Bell’s Theorem
29:30 The Bell Inequality Test
33:41 The Most Misunderstood Experiment in Physics
35:06 The Locality Problem
40:37 The Many-Worlds Interpretation
▀▀▀
References:
Adam Becker (2018). What is Real?. Basic Civitas Books – ve42.co/WhatReal
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox via Wikipedia – ve42.co/EPRWiki
Einstein, A. et al. (1935). Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?. American Physical Society (APS) – ve42.co/EPR
Solvay Conference via Wikipedia – ve42.co/SolvayConf
Owen Willans Richardson Photo Galley via nobelprize.org – ve42.co/SolvayPhoto
Bohr-Einstein debates via Wikipedia – ve42.co/BohrEinDeb
Bacciagaluppi, G and Valentini, A (2009). Quantum Theory at the Crossroads. Cambridge University Press – ve42.co/Crossroads
Bohr, N. (1935). Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?. American Physical Society (APS) – ve42.co/BohrResp
The Solvay Conference via rarehistoricalphotos.com – ve42.co/SolvayImg
Kragh, H. (2022). Chemists Without Knowing It?. Firenze University Press – ve42.co/BhorsConferenceImg
Einstein Attacks Quantum Theory. The New York Times via nytimes.com – ve42.co/EinsteinAttackQT
Oral History Interviews via repository.aip.org – ve42.co/BohrInterview
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Damien, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, EJ Alexandra, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee
▀▀▀
Writers: Mithuna Yoganathan, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer & Director: Mithuna Yoganathan
Editor: Spencer Wright
Camera Operators: Mithuna Yoganathan, Derek Muller and Maxime Beauquesne
Animators: Alex Drakoulis, Fabio Albertelli, Emma Wright, Andrew Neet and Peter Nelson
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek, Katheryn Chan, Grace Nemanic, Isaac McCree and Natalky Zhuk
Assistant Editor: James Stuart
Researchers: Gabe Strong and Sophia Long
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Katy Southwood, Josh Pitt, Anna Milkovic and Matthew Cavanagh
Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
Notes
*When we show the Stern Gerlach experiment we’ve chosen to flip the polarity of the machine when measuring a positron. This is because both its spin and charge should oppose the electron’s. This would mean both would bend in the same direction! We’re interested in seeing the difference in the spins so we flip the machine to make this clearer.
**We show curved spacetime using Flamm’s Parabaloid, which we discovered is controversial, more notes on that here – https://ve42.co/HBDFlamm
Black holes are not just the strangest objects in the universe, they’re the sharpest test we have of how reality actually works. This episode explores how these extreme cosmic laboratories force general relativity and quantum physics into direct confrontation. We look back through a decade of content to understand their formation and the theoretical diagrams that describe them, offering a journey through the profound implications of these celestial objects for our understanding of space time and astrophysics.
Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producer: Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell
Big Bang
Alexander Tamas
David Paryente
Juan Benet
Mark Rosenthal
Morgan Hough
Peter Barrett
Santiago
Tj Steyn
Vinnie Falco
Supernova
Ethan Cohen
Glenn Sugden
Grace Biaelcki
Mark Heising
Stephen Wilcox
Tristan Lucian Claudius Aurelius Tyacke
Hypernova
Alex Kern
Ben Delo
Cal Stephens
chuck zegar
David Giltinan
Dean Galvin
Donal Botkin
Gregory Forfa
Jesse Cid Dyer
John R. Slavik
Justin Lloyd
Kenneth See
Massimiliano Pala
Michael Tidwell
Mike Purvis
Paul Stehr-Green
Scott Gorlick
Scott Gray
Spencer Jones
Stephen Saslow
Thomas Mouton
Zachary Haberman
Антон Кочков
Daniel Muzquiz
Gamma Ray Burst
Aaron Pinto
Adrien Molyneux
Almog Cohen
Anthony Leon
Arko Provo Mukherjee
Ayden Miller
Ben McIntosh
Bradley Jenkins
Bradley Ulis
Brandon Lattin
Brian Cook
Bryan White
Chris Liao
Christopher Wade
Chuck Lukaszewski
Collin Dutrow
Craig Falls
Craig Stonaha
Dan Warren
Daniel Donahue
Daniel Jennings
Daron Woods
Darrell Stewart
David Johnston
Doyle Vann
Eric Kiebler
Eric Raschke
Eric Schrenker
Faraz Khan
Frederic Simon
Harsh Khandhadia
Ian Williams
Isaac Suttell
James Trimmier
Jeb Campbell
Jeremy Soller
Jerry Thomas
jim bartosh
John Anderson
John De Witt
John Funai
John H. Austin, Jr.
John591
Joseph Salomone
Junaid Ali
Kacper Cieśla
Kane Holbrook
Keith Pasko
Kent Durham
Koen Wilde
Kyle Atkinson
Marcelo Garcia
Marion Lang
Mark Daniel Cohen
Mark Delagasse
Matt Kaprocki
Matthew Johnson
Michael Barton
Michael Clark
Michael Lev
Michael Purcell
Nathaniel Bennett
Nick Hoffenstoffer III
Nicolas Katsantonis
Paul Wood
Rad Antonov
Reuben Brewer
Richard Steenbergen
Robert DeChellis
Ross Story
Russell Moore
SamSword
Sandhya Devi
Satwik Pani
Sean Owen
Shane Calimlim
SilentGnome
Sound Reason
Steffen Bendel
Steven Giallourakis
Terje Vold
Thomas Dougherty
Tomaz Lovsin
Tybie Fitzhugh
Vlad Shipulin
William Flinn
WILLIAM HAY III
Zac Sweers
2025 is … was the international year of quantum science and technology. Yes because quantum tech is increasingly important, but especially because quantum mechanics was invented 100 years ago this year. In 1925, our strangest true theory went from being a peculiar set of ideas to describe some funny results from experiments, to a full-blown theoretical framework that overturned how we think reality really works. So today, as the centenary year approaches its end I want to take you on a little journey through what may be the most paradigm-destroying several months in scientific history.
Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Bahar Gholipour & Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producer: Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell
Big Bang
Alexander Tamas
David Paryente
Juan Benet
Mark Rosenthal
Morgan Hough
Peter Barrett
Santiago
Tj Steyn
Vinnie Falco
Supernova
Ethan Cohen
Glenn Sugden
Grace Biaelcki
Mark Heising
Stephen Wilcox
Tristan Lucian Claudius Aurelius Tyacke
Hypernova
Alex Kern
Ben Delo
Cal Stephens
chuck zegar
David Giltinan
Dean Galvin
Donal Botkin
Gregory Forfa
Jesse Cid Dyer
John R. Slavik
Justin Lloyd
Kenneth See
Massimiliano Pala
Michael Tidwell
Mike Purvis
Paul Stehr-Green
Scott Gorlick
Scott Gray
Spencer Jones
Stephen Saslow
Thomas Mouton
Zachary Haberman
Антон Кочков
Daniel Muzquiz
Gamma Ray Burst
Aaron Pinto
Adrien Molyneux
Almog Cohen
Anthony Leon
Arko Provo Mukherjee
Ayden Miller
Ben McIntosh
Bradley Jenkins
Bradley Ulis
Brandon Lattin
Brian Cook
Bryan White
Chris Liao
Christopher Wade
Chuck Lukaszewski
Collin Dutrow
Craig Falls
Craig Stonaha
Dan Warren
Daniel Donahue
Daniel Jennings
Daron Woods
Darrell Stewart
David Johnston
Doyle Vann
Eric Kiebler
Eric Raschke
Eric Schrenker
Faraz Khan
Frederic Simon
Harsh Khandhadia
Ian Williams
Isaac Suttell
James Trimmier
Jeb Campbell
Jeremy Soller
Jerry Thomas
jim bartosh
John Anderson
John De Witt
John Funai
John H. Austin, Jr.
John591
Joseph Salomone
Junaid Ali
Kacper Cieśla
Kane Holbrook
Keith Pasko
Kent Durham
Koen Wilde
Kyle Atkinson
Marcelo Garcia
Marion Lang
Mark Daniel Cohen
Mark Delagasse
Matt Kaprocki
Matthew Johnson
Michael Barton
Michael Clark
Michael Lev
Michael Purcell
Nathaniel Bennett
Nick Hoffenstoffer III
Nicolas Katsantonis
Paul Wood
Rad Antonov
Reuben Brewer
Richard Steenbergen
Robert DeChellis
Ross Story
Russell Moore
SamSword
Sandhya Devi
Satwik Pani
Sean Owen
Shane Calimlim
SilentGnome
Sound Reason
Steffen Bendel
Steven Giallourakis
Terje Vold
Thomas Dougherty
Tomaz Lovsin
Tybie Fitzhugh
Vlad Shipulin
William Flinn
WILLIAM HAY III
Zac Sweers
Elon Musk just revealed something wild: What if Tesla’s fleet of cars became a giant distributed AI inference network? When your car isn’t driving, it could be thinking — processing AI workloads for the network. This changes everything about what a Tesla actually is.
Key points:
• The distributed inference fleet concept explained
• Why this could be bigger than robotaxis
• What happens when millions of Teslas think together
—
—–
Elon just casually dropped that Tesla’s entire vehicle fleet could become the largest distributed AI compute network on the planet. And I think the market is valuing this at basically zero right now.
The math is wild. If Tesla hits a hundred million vehicles with about a kilowatt of inference capability each, you’re talking about a hundred gigawatts of distributed compute. That’s roughly a quarter of entire US electrical consumption just sitting in garages. Power and cooling are already solved — they’re electric cars with thermal management systems.
But there’s a massive bottleneck nobody’s talking about: the data problem. You need serious bandwidth to coordinate inference across millions of cars. WiFi is inconsistent, LTE is garbage for this workload.
Enter Starlink. Gigabit speeds anywhere, low latency, global coverage. Both are Elon companies, so the integration potential is insane. I wouldn’t be shocked if Tesla starts building Starlink terminals into every vehicle as standard equipment.
The coordination challenges are real—managing which vehicles are available, battery states, parking duration, dynamic workload allocation. But Tesla’s already doing fleet coordination at massive scale with FSD data collection. This is just running that process in reverse for inference.
Training will probably stay centralized, but inference is the sweet spot for distributed compute. With inference demand about to explode as AI gets integrated everywhere, having a hundred gigawatts ready could be more valuable than AWS, built as a byproduct of selling electric cars.
I think around 2028, 2029, this starts becoming real. The market isn’t pricing any of this in.
I worked at Tesla starting from 2017 thru 2021. I spent most of my time in the distribution and supply chain organizations in leadership positions.
Before Tesla, I was a Director of Business Intelligence and Pricing at the largest Pet Food & Supply distributor in the US, Phillips Pet Food & Supplies. My wife and I also owned a small business in Bethlehem, PA between 2016 and 2019.
I have been a shareholder of Tesla since 2012 and currently own Tesla stock. Nothing I say constitutes as investment or financial advice.
My thoughts are my own and are not representative of everyone who currently works, or has worked at Tesla, Phillips, or any other company or organization I discuss on this channel.
If you like this content I would greatly appreciate your likes and shares!
In 1971, 15 year old Ronnie Johnson of Delphos, Kansas was feeding his sheep when a UFO came down and temporarily paralyzed him. The UFO left a glowing radioactive circle which caused permanent numbness when touched. I interviewed Ronnie in the Spring of 2022. He had no idea I was coming. I knocked on his door and he granted me one of the most in depth interviews he has ever given on the topic. This is the true story of Ronnie Johnson and the UAP that he saw and was harmed by that day.
If you would like to support my work, please consider buying a 3D Relief Map from Muir Way – https://linktr.ee/incredhistory
How Paul Dirac uncovered the anti-universe. Sponsored by Hostinger – visit https://ve42.co/hostinger and use the code VERITASIUM to get an extra discount on top of the sale prices.
Get your exclusive edition of Veritasium’s first tabletop game – join 8,000+ backers – https://ve42.co/did
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A huge thank you to Graham Farmelo and Cumrun Vafa for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video.
A special thanks to Matteo Arfini for his help with this video.
▀▀▀
0:00 Can Negative Energy Exist?
3:27 The Schrödinger Equation Is Wrong
8:33 The Strangest Man In Physics
11:01 Dirac and the Klein-Gordon equation
17:27 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
20:54 The Dirac Equation
24:21 The Saddest Chapter in Modern Physics
26:35 The Anti-Electron
29:57 Antiparticles Travel Backwards In Time
31:24 The Anti-World
▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Anupam Banerjee, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee
▀▀▀
Writers: Lily Shepherd, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer & Director: Lily Shepherd
Editors: Jonny Lennard
Camera Operators: Casper Mebius
Animators: Andrew Neet, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli & Peter Nelson
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek & Nataly Zhuk
Assistant Editors: James Horsley & James Stuart
Researchers: Callum Cuttle & Sophia Rose
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Katy Southwood & Josh Pitt
Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
The ultimate Conquistador documentary collection. A full cinematic compilation of the most fascinating expeditions in world history. This feature-length video brings together Hernán Cortés, Francisco Pizarro, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, and Francisco de Orellana in one epic historical journey across the New World.
Travel with Cortés into the heart of Tenochtitlan and the fall of the Aztec Empire.
March with Pizarro into the Andes during the rise and fall of the Inca Empire.
Descend the Amazon River with Orellana in his impossible voyage across uncharted jungle.
Follow Cabeza de Vaca across 8 years of survival, living with Indigenous tribes after a shipwreck.
Sail with Columbus on his world-shifting first encounter with the Americas.
And join Magellan’s crew as they attempt the first circumnavigation of the Earth, facing mutiny, storms, and the unknown.
This compilation combines all of my biggest Conquistador episodes into one massive, immersive experience including vivid recreations, primary-source quotes, AI-enhanced imagery, and the full historical arc of Spain’s most ambitious (and brutal) explorers.
The Maps in my video are for sale! Please use my link (in the linktree) and give “Incredible History” in the post purchase survey – https://linktr.ee/incredhistory
All sources and Bibliography for these videos are cited in the original videos on my channel.
00:00 Spanish vs Aztec: What They Didn’t Teach in School
33:01 Spanish vs Inca: Uncensored
1:03:36 Discovery of the Amazon
1:21:02 Giants of Patagonia
1:37:34 Greatest Survival Story in History
1:57:38 Columbus Discovers America
Journey into the oldest heroic story ever recorded on Earth – The Epic of Gilgamesh.
Based on the ancient Sumerian and Akkadian cuneiform tablets, this cinematic retelling follows Gilgamesh, the giant king of Uruk, and his wild companion Enkidu, as they battle monsters, confront the gods, challenge the Anunnaki, and search for the secret of immortality.
This story predates the Bible, predates Greek mythology, and stands as the earliest surviving epic in human history.
Discover the world of ancient Mesopotamia, the Cedar Forest, Humbaba, the Great Flood, Utnapishtim, and the mysterious plant of youth hidden beneath the waters.
This is the legend that shaped civilization – the journey of a giant king who tried to escape death itself.
Buy the Best Maps in the World! These would be a great gift for a loved one! Search your home state and please give me credit in the post purchase survey – https://linktr.ee/incredhistory
Music by CO. AG
Phantom of the Flannans
From the darkness
I will awaken when the sun sleeps
Alone on Stage
Facing the Spirits
As the Sun sets at the Temple
