How One Line in the Oldest Math Text Hinted at Hidden Universes

October 21st, 2023

Discover strange new universes that turn up at the core of Einstein’s General Relativity. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

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A massive thank you to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for all his help with this video.

A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis and Dr. Ashmeet Singh for helping us understand the applications of Non-Euclidean geometry in astronomy/cosmology.

Lastly, a big thank you to Dr. Henry Segerman and Dr. Rémi Coulon for helping us visualize what it’s like to be inside hyperbolic space and helping us understand hyperbolic geometry.

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Images:
Euclid via Science Museum Group – https://ve42.co/Euclid

Geodesy survey via ams – https://ve42.co/Geodesy

John Wheeler via NAS Online – https://ve42.co/Wheeler

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References:
Dunham, W. (1991). Journey through Genius: Great Theorems of Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons.

Bonola, R. (1955). Non-Euclidean geometry: A critical and historical study of its development. Courier Corporation.

Library of Congress. (n.d.). The Library of Congress. – https://ve42.co/LibofCongress

Euclid’s Elements, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Elements

The History of Non-Euclidean Geometry, Extra History via YouTube – https://ve42.co/ExtraHistory

We (could) live on a 4D Pringle – Physics for the Birds via YouTube – https://ve42.co/4DPringle

Parallel Postulate, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Parallel

Prékopa, A., & Molnár, E. (Eds.). (2006). Non-euclidean geometries: János Bolyai memorial volume (Vol. 581). Springer Science & Business Media.

St Andrews, University of. (n.d.). Bolyai. MacTutor History of Mathematics. – https://ve42.co/Bolyai

Bolyai, J. (1896). The Science Absolute of Space.. (Vol. 3). The Neomon.

Gauss, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Gauss

Singh, U. (2022). Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevsky: The dawn of non-euclidean geometry. Medium. – https://ve42.co/CPNonEuclidean

Landvermessung, D. Z. (1929). Abhandlungen ueber Gauss’ wissenschaftliche Taetigkeit auf den Gebieten der Geodaesie, Physik und Astronomie Bd. 11, Abt. – https://ve42.co/Landvermessung

Nikolai Lobachevsky, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Lobachevsky

Lobachevskiĭ, N. I. (1891). Geometrical researches on the theory of parallels. University of Texas.

A Problem with the Parallel Postulate, Numberphile via YouTube – https://ve42.co/NumberphileParallel

Riemann, B. (2016). On the hypotheses which lie at the bases of geometry. Birkhäuser. – https://ve42.co/Riemann

Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Annalen der physik, 17(10), 891-921. – https://ve42.co/Einstein1905

ESA/Hubble. (n.d.). Hubblecast 90: The final frontier of the Frontier Fields. ESA/Hubble. – https://ve42.co/Einstein1905

Agazie, G., et al. (2023). The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Constraints on supermassive black hole binaries from the gravitational-wave background. – https://ve42.co/NANOGrav

Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background, PBS Spacetime via YouTube – https://ve42.co/PBSCMB

Wood, C. (2020). How Ancient Light Reveals the Universe’s Contents. Quanta Magazine. – https://ve42.co/AncientLight

Collaboration (2014). Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters. A&A, 571, A16. – https://ve42.co/Planck2013

WMAP Science Team, NASA. (2014). Matter in the Universe. WMAP, NASA. – https://ve42.co/WMAP2014

What Is The Shape of Space, minutephysics via YouTube – https://ve42.co/SpaceShape

Shape of the universe, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/UniverseShape

Crocheting Hyperbolic Planes: Daina Taimina by Ted, via YouTube – https://ve42.co/Hyperbolic

Hyperbolic Crochet model – https://ve42.co/Crochet

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Why Did Attosecond Physics Win the NOBEL PRIZE?

October 19th, 2023

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Whenever we open a new window on the universe we discover something new. Whether it’s figuring out how to see to greater distances like with telescopes, or down to smaller size-scales like with microscopes, or perhaps expanding our vision to new wavelengths of light or via exotic means such as in neutrinos or gravitational waves. Well, the 2023 Nobel prize in physics has been awarded to three physicists for opening just such a new window—but it’s not a window to a new size scale or a new mode of seeing—-it’s for a new window in time. It’s for attosecond physics—the billionth of a billionth of a second that represents the timescale of the insides of atoms. This year’s Nobel in physics is for a microscope in time

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JWST Discovered The Farthest Star Ever Seen!

October 12th, 2023

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To understand where we came from—how earth, the solar system, the galaxy became what they are today—we need to understand the beginning of time. For example, how did the first galaxies pull themselves together from the dark universe-filling ocean of gas that followed the Big Bang? With the James Webb Space Telescope we’re starting to be able to find those first galaxies. It’s hard work because at those crazy distances all we see is tiny, faint and fuzzy blobs. If only we could see the individual stars in those galaxies we could learn so much more. Well, now using this one weird trick we can do exactly that. Or at least we have one lonely star at the end of the universe. But it won’t be lonely for long.

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The Man Who Killed Millions and Saved Billions (Clean Version)

October 7th, 2023

YES, THIS IS A REUPLOAD. The original was age-restricted and demonetized. To support the channel directly, you can buy Snatoms: https://ve42.co/snatoms1 https://ve42.co/amzn or support on Patreon: https://ve42.co/p

Fritz Haber is the scientist who arguably most transformed the world.
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A huge thanks to Dan Charles for writing a fantastic biography of Fritz Haber, for taking the time to talk to us about it, and providing valuable feedback. This video would not be what it is without his contributions. http://site.danielcharles.us https://ve42.co/Charles

Thanks to Tom de Prinse from Explosions and Fire for helping us with the chemistry of explosives. If you like explosions and/or fire, you will love his channel. https://www.youtube.com/c/ExplosionsFire2

Thanks to Michael Kuiper of CSIRO for the animation of the composition of air – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9JvX58aRfg

Special thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Karl Kruszelnicki, Mary Dobbie, Olivia McRae, and the patreon supporters for giving us feedback on the earlier version of this video.

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References:

The primary reference used is Vaclav Smil’s excellent book, Enriching The Earth –
Smil, V. (2004). Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. MIT press. – https://ve42.co/Smil

Mastermind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare, by Dan Charles – https://ve42.co/Charles

Stoltzenberg, D. (2004). Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Chemical Heritage Foundation. – https://ve42.co/Stoltzenberg

Postgate, J. R. (1982). The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. CUP Archive. – https://ve42.co/postgate

Miles, A. G. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. – https://ve42.co/Miles

Friedrich, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Clara Immerwahr: A life in the shadow of Fritz Haber. In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences(pp. 45-67). Springer, Cham. – https://ve42.co/Friedrich2017

Da Silva, G. (2020). What is ammonium nitrate, the chemical that exploded in Beirut. Sci Am, 5. – https://ve42.co/Silva

Rodrigues, P., & Micael, J. (2021). The importance of guano birds to the Inca Empire and the first conservation measures implemented by humans. – https://ve42.co/rodrigues

Allison, F. E. (1957). Nitrogen and soil fertility. Soil, the, 85-94. – https://ve42.co/Allison

Crookes, W. (1898). Address of the President before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1898. Science, 8(200), 561-575. – https://ve42.co/Crookes

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Pushing The Limits Of Extreme Breath-Holding

September 30th, 2023

He held his breath for 17 minutes. How can you do the same? Check out our sponsor: https://betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.

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A huge thanks to Brandon Birchak for all his help with this video. To learn how to hold your breath for 5 minutes, or see one of Brandon’s performances, visit https://eliteperformancedesign.com and https://Sixfootcreations.com

A special thanks to Juan Valdivia for his expert advice on the science of extreme breath holding.

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References:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). How your body controls breathing. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. – https://ve42.co/BodyBreathing

Anatomy, autonomic nervous system – statpearls – NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-a). – https://ve42.co/ANS

Biochemistry, oxidative phosphorylation – statpearls – NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-c). – https://ve42.co/ncbiATP

Acidosis. Acidosis – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). – https://ve42.co/Acidosis

Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis. Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US. (n.d.). – https://ve42.co/Alkalosis

Wilmshurst, P. (1998, October 10). Diving and Oxygen. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). – https://ve42.co/DivingO

López-Barneo, J., Ortega-Sáenz, P., Pardal, R., Pascual, A., & Piruat, J. I. (2008). Carotid body oxygen sensing. European Respiratory Journal, 32(5), 1386-1398. – https://ve42.co/Barneo2008

Jeff, & Huffy. (2022, November 17). The Bolt score test: Measure your breathing volume capacity. Marathon Handbook. – https://ve42.co/BOLT

Lindholm, P., & Lundgren, C. E. (2009). The physiology and pathophysiology of human breath-hold diving. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(1), 284-292. – https://ve42.co/Lindholm2009

Physiology, lung capacity – statpearls – NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-c). – https://ve42.co/LungCapacity

Panneton, W. M., & Gan, Q. (2020). The mammalian diving response: inroads to its neural control. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 524. – https://ve42.co/Panneton2020

Baković, D., Eterović, D., Saratlija‐Novaković, X., Palada, I., Valic, Z., Bilopavlović, N., & Dujić, X. (2005). Effect of human splenic contraction on variation in circulating blood cell counts. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 32(11), 944-951. https://ve42.co/Bakovic2005

Gooden, B. (1971). The diving response in man, rat and echidna (Doctoral dissertation). – https://ve42.co/Gooden1971

Longest duration breath hold – freediving static apnea (male). Guinness World Records. (n.d.). – https://ve42.co/DivingRecord

What’s the longest a human can hold their breath underwater? BBC Science Focus Magazine. (n.d.). – https://ve42.co/Southwell2023

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Are Many Worlds & Pilot Wave THE SAME Theory?

September 28th, 2023

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It’s hard to interpret the strange results of quantum mechanics, though many have tried. Interpretations range from the outlandish—like the multiple universes of Many Worlds, to the almost mundane, like the very mechanical Pilot Wave Theory. But perhaps we’re converging on an answer, because some are arguing that these two interpretations are really the same thing.

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Posted in Physics |

Are Room Temperature Superconductors IMPOSSIBLE?

September 20th, 2023

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Superconductive materials seem miraculous. Their resistanceless flow of electricity has been exploited in some powerful ways—from super-strong magnets used in MRIs, particle accelerators and fusion plants. And then there’s, their bizarre ability to levitate in magnetic fields. But the broader use of superconductors is limited because they need to be cooled to extremely low temperatures to work. But what if we could produce superconductivity at room temperature? It would change the world.

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What NEW SCIENCE Would We Discover with a Moon Telescope?

September 13th, 2023

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to:http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE

In order to see the faint light from objects in deepest space, astronomers go to the darkest places on the planet. In order to listen to their quite radio signals, they head as far from any radio-noisy humans as possible. But there’s nowhere on the earth, or even orbiting the Earth, that’s far enough to hear to the faint radio hum from the time before stars. In fact, we may need to build a giant radio telescope in the quietest place in the solar system—the far side of the moon.

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt Caplan & Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
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Nikhil Sharma
Ryan Moser
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Bradley Ulis
Craig Falls
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Posted in Science |

How Humanity Almost Destroyed Itself

September 11th, 2023

Earth has been closer to Nuclear War more times than you’d think. Head over to
https://hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code ‘Veritasium’ for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect.

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References:
List of Broken Arrows — https://ve42.co/AtomicArchive https://ve42.co/BrokenArrowsReport
Declassified Goldsboro Report — https://ve42.co/Goldsboro
Operation ChromeDome — https://ve42.co/OperationChromeDome
CIA website — https://ve42.co/CIA

Cataclysmic cargo: The hunt for four missing nuclear bombs after a B-52 crash — https://ve42.co/WoPo
THE LAST FLIGHT OF HOBO 28 — https://ve42.co/lastflight
The Voice of Larry Messinger is from this documentary — https://ve42.co/Messinger
Even Without Detonation, 4 Hydrogen Bombs From ’66 Scar Spanish Village — https://ve42.co/NYTPalomares
Decades Later, Sickness Among Airmen After a Hydrogen Bomb Accident — https://ve42.co/NYTPalomares2
Picture of ReVelle — https://ve42.co/JackReVelle1
Great NPR where the audio of ReVelle is from — https://ve42.co/JackReVelle2
CIA Website — https://ve42.co/CIA

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello and Mike Radjabov
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

Posted in Uncategorized |

The Insane Math Of Knot Theory

September 3rd, 2023

There is an entire branch of math simply devoted to knots – and it has changed the world. We’ll rope you in. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever:
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Huge thanks to Prof. Colin Adams for his excellent help guiding us through the world of knots.
Many thanks to Prof. Doug Smith, Dorian Raymer, Prof. David Leigh, and Prof. Dorothy Buck for helping us understand applications of knot theory.
Many thanks to Prof. Dan Silver & Prof. Jim Hoste for speaking with us about the history and tabulation of knots.

If you want to learn more about knots and play with them yourself, check out:
The amazing KnotPlot tool — https://knotplot.com/. Thanks to Rob Scharein for providing technical help as well!
A table of knots and all their invariants — https://knotinfo.math.indiana.edu/
The Knot Atlas for general info on knots — http://katlas.org/wiki/Main_Page

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Knot Theory Video References – https://ve42.co/KnotTheoryRefs

Images & Video:
Alexander Cutting the Gordian Knot by Donato Creti via Fine Art America – https://ve42.co/GordianCut
Indus Valley tablet via Quora – https://ve42.co/IndusValley
Pages from the Book of Kells via National Trust of Scotland – https://ve42.co/BookOfKells
Medieval Celtic designs from @thebookofkellsofficial via Instagram – https://ve42.co/KellsInsta
Chinese knotwork by YWang9174 via Wikimedia Commons – https://ve42.co/Panchang
Quipu cords by Pi3.124 via Wikimedia Commons – https://ve42.co/Quipu
Borromeo heraldry via Terre Borromeo – https://ve42.co/Borromeo
Birman/Jones letter via Celebratio Mathematica – https://ve42.co/JonesBirman
Molecular trefoil knot by M stone via Wikimedia Commons – https://ve42.co/TrefoilMolecule
X-ray structure of trefoil knot by Ll0103 via Wikimedia Commons – https://ve42.co/XrayTrefoil
Bacteria animation from Your Body’s Molecular Machines by Drew Berry via the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research – http://wehi.tv
Topoisomerase and knots from Orlandini et al. Synergy of topoisomerase. PNAS, vol. 116, no. 17, 2019, pp. 8149–8154. – https://ve42.co/Orlandini2019
KnotProt 2.0: A database of proteins with knots and slipknots – https://ve42.co/Knotprot

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Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek, and Mike Radjabov
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Emily Zhang
Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci and Mike Radjabov
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

Posted in Uncategorized |

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