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Black holes are about the worst subjects for direct study in the universe. But at this stage, it’s all we can do to convince ourselves of their existence. Actually studying the physics of real black holes is much, much harder. I mean, we could try to make one – but that’s way beyond our current tech level, and also potentially humanity-destroying. Well it turns out we don’t need to make real black holes to at least get started with the lab work. We can instead study analog black holes – and by analog, I don’t mean old fashioned clockwork black holes – I mean analogies. Physical systems that aren’t black holes but that behave in similar ways – and may reveal the real behaviours of real black holes.

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0Q

Matt Visser Paper
https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9712010

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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#space #astrophysics #blackholes

Previous Episodes Referenced:

Unruh Radiation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cj6oiFDEXc
Hawking Radiation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPKj0YnKANw&vl=en
How Black Hole Spin Space Time https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjgGdGzDFiM&t=2s
What’s On the Other Side of a Black Hole: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4oYvSH6jJ8

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Conformal Cyclic Cosmology is a story of the origin and the end of our universe from great mathematical physicist Sir Roger Penrose. It’s goes like this: the infinitely far future, when the universe has expanded exponentially to to an unthinkably large size, and every black hole and particle has decayed into faint radiation …. that infinite stretch of space and time is identically the SAME THING as the infinitesimal and instantaneous big bang of a new universe, and our universe is just one in an endless chain.

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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#space #astrophysics #universe

Previous Episodes Discussed
Geometry of Causality – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YFrISfN7jo
Higgs Mechanism – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kixAljyfdqU

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Everyone loves laminar flow but turbulent flow is the real MVP.
A portion of this video was sponsored by Cottonelle. Purchase Cottonelle Flushable Wipes and try them for yourself: https://bit.ly/2WJm9Hq

Special thanks to:
Prof. Beverley McKeon and team https://www.mckeon.caltech.edu
Destin from Smarter Every Day https://www.youtube.com/smartereveryday
Nicole Sharp from FYFD https://ve42.co/fyfd
Pavol Dobryakov turbulent simulations: https://paveldogreat.github.io/WebGL-Fluid-Simulation/

I got into turbulent flow via chaos. The transition to turbulence sometimes involves a period doubling. Turbulence itself is chaotic motion, it is unpredictable and sensitively dependent on initial conditions. What surprised me is all the ways turbulent flow is useful to us. It is diffusive, meaning it causes mixing. This is useful in jet engines or rocket nozzles (which Destin studies) and is important to achieve in microfluidic devices, which are so small that turbulent flow is actually difficult to achieve. Turbulent flow can energize a boundary layer, which is important to maintain flow attachment over a wing, maintaining lift and delaying stall. Similarly a turbulent boundary layer over a golf ball reduces pressure drag allowing golf balls to fly further. This is the reason for the dimples on golf balls. Flow transitioning to turbulence in the wake of a bluff body can create periodic vortex shedding. This beautiful phenomenon can be seen in the von Kàrmàn vortex street in clouds viewed from space. Turbulence is everywhere, in the air currents in a room, in your aorta, in the breaths you exhale, in oil pipelines and water pipes, in the flow over cars and ships and planes. Animals have evolved for it (like dead fish swimming up stream) and we have engineered our environment, our planes and golf balls for it. Laminar flow may be nice to look at (which is why we use it in decorative fountains) but turbulent flow does the real lifting.

Animations by:
Jonny Hyman (Sun, Jupiter, Reynolds, airfoil, Earth time-lapse)

Research and writing:
AJ Fillo and Derek Muller. AJ also created the wind tunnel golf ball shots

Filmed by:
Daniel Bydlowski and Derek Muller

Additional footage:
Images of Jupiter courtesy of NASA
Turbulence in air currents by the Physics Girl, Dan Walsh, and Grant Sanderson https://youtu.be/N7d_RWyOv20
https://youtu.be/_UoTTq651dE

Music:
illBird “Shaffuru” https://youtu.be/5rkt53fNMgc
From EpidemicSound https://epidemicsound.com “Seaweed” “Colorful Animation 4”
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With the global pandemic of Covid 19 still encompassing the world, we are generally not big fans of viruses right now. But we sure are thinking about them a lot. That’s right, even astrophysicists are pondering these bizarre little critters. In fact, astrovirology, although very new, is actually an emerging subfield of astrobiology. And that’s because it turns out viruses don’t just influence organisms – they’re incredibly important on a planetary scale. Perhaps an interplanetary scale.

Virology Links:
Dr. Vincent Racaniello’s Columbia University virology course:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGhmZX2NKiNldpyRUBBEzNoWL0Cso1jip

PBS Eons Where do Viruses Come From?
https://youtu.be/X31g5TB-MRo

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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#space #astrophysics #astrovirology

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It’s been 120 years since Henry Cavendish measured the gravitational constant with a pair of lead balls suspended by a wire. The fundamental nature of gravity still eludes our best minds – but those secrets may be revealed by turning back to the Cavendish experiment. That steampunk contraption may even reveal the existence of extra dimensions of space.

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#space #astrophysics #gravity

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This is a map of the multiverse. Or in physics-ese, it’s the maximally extended Penrose diagram of a Kerr spacetime. And in english: when you solve Einstein’s equations of general relativity for a rotating black hole, the universe does not come to an abrupt halt at the bottom of the gravitational pit. Instead, a path can be traced out again but you do not end up in the universe that you started in. Like I said, it’s a map of the multiverse.

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As the 19th century came to a close, physicists were feeling pretty satisfied with the state of their science. The great edifice of physical theory seemed complete. A few minor experiments remained to verify everything. Little did those physicists know that one of those experiments would bring the entire structure crashing down paving the way for the physics revolution of the 20th century.

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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#space #astrophysics #sciencehistory

A Special Note from writer Sarah Wells:

Sarah Wells would like to dedicate the writing and inspiration for this episode to Louis Colonna-Romano, a Clark University physics instructor who told the story of Albert Michelson’s fantastic “failure” to generations of physics freshmen. Lou’s kind mentorship and infectious enthusiasm for physics inspired every student who came into his office, including this video’s writer.

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The universe is precisely 13.8 billion year old – or so our best scientific methods tell us. But how do you learn the age of the universe when there’s no trace left of its beginnings?

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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#space #astrophysics #cosmology

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In today’s livestream you’ll be able to Ask Matt O’Dowd, a PhD in astrophysics, anything. Tune in to ask your own question or see some of the great questions our audience has for Matt!

#space #astrophysics #astronomy

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From Stargate to Interstellar, wormholes are our favorite method for traveling across fictional universes. But they are also a very serious field of study for some of our greatest minds over the last century. So what’s the holdup? When do we get to wormhole ourselves out of here?

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#space #astrophysics #interstellar

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