Quantum Gravity and the Hardest Problem in Physics | Space Time

September 20th, 2018

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Between them, general relativity and quantum mechanics seem to describe all of observable reality.

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The first few decades of the 20th century was a time of miracles for physics. First, Einstein’s relativity utterly changed the way we think about space, time, motion and gravity. Then the quantum revolution of the 20s and 30s overturned all of our intuitions about the subatomic world. Together, general relativity and quantum mechanics have allowed us to explain nearly every fundamental phenomenon observed, and have predicted many unexpected phenomena that have since been verified. And yet the two theories contradict each other in fundamental ways. In the century since that golden era of physics, we’ve been trying to reconcile the two … without success. But today on space-time I’m going to begin our discussion of the great quest for this union – the quest for a theory of quantum gravity, and for a theory of everything.

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Posted in Physics |

How Much Information is in the Universe?

September 12th, 2018

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There’s quite a bit of stuff in the universe, to put it mildly.

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Hundreds of billions of galaxies, each with hundreds of billions of stars, each with … rather a lot of particles in them. And then there’s all the stuff that isn’t stars. The dark matter, black holes, planets, and the particles and radiation in between the stars and galaxies. Stuff EVERYWHERE! But… is the universe actually made of stuff? An increasing number of physicists view the universe – view reality as informational at its most fundamental level. But how big a memory bank would you even need to compute a universe? Seriously, let’s figure it out.

Computational Capacity of the Universe (2001), by Seth Lloyd
https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0110141

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Posted in Physics |

The Black Hole Entropy Enigma

September 5th, 2018

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Black Holes should have no entropy, but they in fact hold most of the entropy in the universe. Let’s figure this out.

If black holes exist – which, apparently, they do – they contradict other theories in physics as sacred as general relativity. They cause all sorts of problems with quantum theory, which we’ve talked about and will review in a sec. But they also present an apparent conflict with the notion of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It was while pondering that conflict that Jacob Bekenstein realized an incredible connection between black holes and thermodynamics. His insight launched an entire new way of thinking about the universe in terms of information theory, and ultimately led to the holographic principle. Which I promise we’re getting to and we’re almost there. We just need to understand string theory first and to understand that, you’re going need to know about why Black Holes contain most of the universe’s entropy.

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Posted in Physics |

How UV Causes Cancer and Aging

September 4th, 2018

UV at ground level is non-ionizing but it damages DNA and causes photoaging – how?
Also, it turns out glass doesn’t block all UV (specifically UVA passes through). This is something I learned filming with the UV camera inside.

Special thanks to Dr. Hayley Golbach, @hayleysgold on twitter
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Ultraviolet light causes damage to DNA, leads to cancer and photoaging: age spots and wrinkles. I was curious about this because UV is technically non-ionizing. A photon of UV doesn’t have enough energy to strip an electron off atoms or molecules. However it does have enough energy to trigger photo-chemical reactions. For example, it causes pyrimidine dimers – the unauthorized covalent bonding of adjacent thymine or cytosine bases in our DNA. If these spots are not properly repaired, they may lead to mutations and cancer. Photoaging is typically the result of degradation of collagen and elastin fibers – scaffolding that supports the skin. This leads to wrinkles and saggy-looking skin.

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Posted in Uncategorized |

Is There Life on Mars?

August 30th, 2018

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There is no greater hero in our search for life on mars than a little robot named Opportunity.

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What does the future of our Universe hold? Alas Lewis & Barnes
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Otherwise landed in 2004 with its twin – MER-A, better known as Spirit. These six-wheeled golf-cart-sized robots were Swiss army knives of geological lab instruments. Opportunities most spectacular discovery where these cute little so-called berries. They turned out to be concretions of hematite – which means they were grown in wet environments with dissolved iron. Wet means water FYI. Both rovers found a variety of other geological signs of past water activity, really solidifying the picture of Mars’ much more liquid past. Both rovers were supposed to shut down after around 90 days as Martian dust accumulated on their solar panels, cutting of their power supply.

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Posted in Physics |

How Will the Universe End? | Space Time

August 23rd, 2018

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In 100 trillion years the era of stars will be over.

We live in an unusual age – the age when the stars still shine. We should count ourselves lucky – nearly all of future history will be dark. But events will still unfold in that long, cooling darkness, and civilizations may endure. So how will the universe and its far-future denizens spend eternity?

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What does the future of our Universe hold? Alas Lewis & Barnes
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In 100 trillion years the last star in the universe will expand the final atoms of its hydrogen fuel and settle quietly into a dim white dwarf, before slowly fading to black over as it radiates away its remnant heat. The era of stars will be over. That 100 trillion years is 10,000 times the current age of the universe, and so the days of starlight and warmth have a way to go. But even when they are done, the universe will be young in comparison to the long, dark ages to follow. In fact our universe will spend almost all of its infinite time in darkness, slowly crawling towards maximum entropy and ultimate heat death.

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Posted in Physics |

Quantum Theory’s Most Incredible Prediction | Space Time

August 15th, 2018

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Let’s talk about the best evidence we have that the theories of quantum physics truly represent the underlying workings of reality.
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Quantum field theory is notoriously complicated, built from mind-bendingly abstract mathematics. But are the underlying rules of reality really so far from human intuition? Or are physicists just showing off? For better or worse, the physicists are definitely on the right track. We know this because the predictions of quantum field theory stand up to experimental test time and time again.

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Posted in Physics |

Can You Overdose on Vitamins?

August 13th, 2018

Vitamins are 13 molecules essential for life that our bodies can’t make themselves.
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How Close To The Sun Can Humanity Get?

August 1st, 2018

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The Sun: an entity worshipped as a god throughout time and across cultures. The source of all life and sustenance for our little blue space rock, and also a force of unthinkable destructive power. But soon humanity will reach out its collective hand and come closer to touching the Sun than we ever have before with the launch of the Parker Solar Probe.

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Posted in Physics |

Reversing Entropy with Maxwell’s Demon

July 25th, 2018

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Can a demon defeat the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

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Entropy is sometimes described as a measure of disorder or randomness. The second law of thermodynamics – the law that entropy must, on average, increase – has been interpreted as the inevitability of the decay of structure. This is … misleading. As we saw in our episode on the physics of life, structure can develop in one region even as the entropy of the universe rises. Ultimately, entropy is a measure of the availability of free energy – of energy that isn’t hopelessly mixed in thermal equilibrium. Pump energy into a small system and complexity can thrive..

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Posted in Physics |

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