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From hoverboards to flying cars to cloud cities, anti-gravity is a staple of science fiction and our dream of a less Earth-bound future. But in the real universe gravity appears to be a purely attractive force. Feels like its main MO is keeping us stuck to the surface of this lonely rock. But maybe if we science hard enough we can remove the fiction from science fiction. For the sake of our flying cars we should at least try. And for many years, physicists have wondered whether a certain well-known exotic material may experience gravitational repulsion from the Earth. That material is antimatter, and physicists at CERN have just completed a very long and very difficult experiment to answer a seemingly simple question: does antimatter fall down, or does it fall up?

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Do you really know how big the universe is? There’s a data driven way to read the news: go to https://ground.news/veritasium to get 30% off the Vantage plan and see through sensationalized reporting.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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A huge thank you to Dr. Ashmeet Singh for his expert feedback on this video.

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References:
Fun video by RealLifeLore about the scale of the Universe – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iy7NzjCmUf0&pp=ygUkcmVhbCBsaWZlIGxvcmUgc2NhbGUgb2YgdGhlIHVuaXZlcnNl
Moon Facts via NASA – https://ve42.co/NASAMoon
Titan Facts via NASA – https://ve42.co/Titan
Mercury Facts via NASA – https://ve42.co/Mercury
Why Pluto is no Longer a Planet, BBC News via YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIk29MnzZWA&pp=ygUYcGx1dG8gbm8gbG9uZ2VyIGEgcGxhbmV0
Pluto, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiPluto
Eris, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiEris
Brown, M. E., & Schaller, E. L. (2007). The mass of dwarf planet Eris. Science, 316(5831), 1585-1585. – https://ve42.co/Brown2007
Trans-Neptunian object, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiTNO
IAU 2006 General Assembly Press Release, via IAU – https://ve42.co/IAU2006
Solar System Moons via NASA – https://ve42.co/NASAMoons
Solar System Asteroids via NASA – https://ve42.co/Asteroids
Solar System, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiSolarSystem
How many stars are in the Universe via ESA – https://ve42.co/ESAStars
Catalog of Exoplanets via exoplanet – https://ve42.co/ExoplanetCatalog
Crowther, T. W., Glick, H. B., Covey, K. R., Bettigole, C., Maynard, D. S., Thomas, S. M., … & Bradford, M. A. (2015). Mapping tree density at a global scale. Nature, 525(7568), 201-205. – https://ve42.co/Crowther2015
Galaxy, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiGalaxy
Counting Galaxies with the Hubble Space Telescope via NASA – https://ve42.co/CountingGalaxies
Conselice, C. J., Wilkinson, A., Duncan, K., & Mortlock, A. (2016). The evolution of galaxy number density at z8 and its implications. The Astrophysical Journal, 830(2), 83. – https://ve42.co/Conselice2016
Sagan, C., & Druyan, A. (2011). Pale blue dot: A vision of the human future in space. Ballantine books.

Images & Video:
Clip of Titan’s Surface, NASA via YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xn3-0a19sC8
Clips of Pluto Had it Coming, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert via YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nqT7XrYRPc
Image of Solar System Objects – https://ve42.co/SolarSystemObjects

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller
Additional research & fact checking by Gregor Čavlović
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Ivy Tello and Alondra Vitae
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno and Zyan Treadwell
Produced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, StoryBlocks and by courtesy of NASA, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO, NASA JPL, NASA/JPL-Caltech NASA GSFC, NASA HQ, NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio, NCSA, A. Kritsuk, M. Norman

Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard

The Journey to Piedras Negras, Guatemala to see the Mayan Ruins along the Usumacinta river was absolutely epic. This is one of the best travel adventures I have ever done.

I originally taveled to this place to film my documentary “Refugees From Atlantis” – https://youtu.be/dzdDZ3t10so?si=YZ8j3couHk5nMnFl

This is also a chapter in my book “Enigmatic North America: Legends, Oddities, and Controversial History” – https://www.amazon.com/Enigmatic-North-America-Oddities-Controversial/dp/B0CLK35R13/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2ANUUWBK4BZYV&keywords=enigmatic+north+america&qid=1704547011&sprefix=enigmatic+north+aaps653&sr=8-1

This is a video about the most famous problem in Game Theory, the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever:
https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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A massive thank you to Prof. Robert Axelrod and Prof. Steven Strogatz for their expertise and time.

To read more about Prof. Axelrod’s Passion for Cooperation visit: https://ve42.co/Axelrod2023

A massive thanks to the wonderful Nicky Case. Nicky’s “The Evolution of Trust” game was a huge inspiration for this video. We highly recommend you play this excellent game yourself, over at: https://ncase.me/trust/

A huge thank you to those who helped us understand and fact check different parts of this topic – Dr. Christian Hilbe, Dr. Vincent Knight, Dr. Jelena Grujic, Prof. Andreas Diekmann, and Dr. Alexander Stewart.

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References:
Excellent game on the evolution of trust by Nicky Case – https://ve42.co/Case2023
Summary of Axelrod’s work by This Place – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOvAbjfJ0x0
How to outsmart the Prisoner’s Dilemma by TED-Ed – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emyi4z-O0ls&pp=ygUScHJpc29uZXIncyBkaWxlbW1h
Tit for Tat by radiolab – https://ve42.co/T4T
The Golden Rule by radiolab – https://ve42.co/GoldenRule
Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation.
Dawkins, R. (2016). The selfish gene. Oxford university press.
Poundstone, W. (1992). Prisoner’s Dilemma. William Poundstone.
Nowak, M. A., & Highfield, R. (2011). Supercooperators. Edinburgh: Canongate.
Binmore, K. (2007). Game theory: a very short introduction. OUP Oxford.
Northrup, L. & Rock, D. (1966). The Detection of Joe I. – https://ve42.co/JOE1
Prisoner’s dilemma, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiPD
Prisoner’s Dilemma, Stanford – https://ve42.co/StanfordPD
Flood, M. M. (1952). Some experimental games. – https://ve42.co/Flood1952
Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiNWS
Goodwin, I. (1998). The Price of Victory in Cold War – https://ve42.co/Goodwin1998
Cold war: How it happened. – https://ve42.co/CW2014
Axelrod, R. (1980). Effective choice in the prisoner’s dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(1), 3-25. – https://ve42.co/Axelrod1980a
Axelrod, R. (1980). More effective choice in the prisoner’s dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(3), 379-403. – https://ve42.co/Axelrod1980b
Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. science, 211(4489), 1390-1396. https://ve42.co/Axelrod1981
Stanislav Petrov, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiSP
Wu, J., & Axelrod, R. (1995). How to cope with noise in the iterated prisoner’s dilemma. Journal of Conflict resolution, 39(1), 183-189. – https://ve42.co/Wu1995
INF Treaty – https://ve42.co/INF
START Treaties – https://ve42.co/START
START I, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiSTART

Images & Video:
RAND Historical images via rand.org – https://ve42.co/RAND
Golden Balls – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0qjK3TWZE8
Zotti, G., et al. (2021). The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research – https://ve42.co/Stellarium
Newspapers from 1980s via Newspapers.com – https://ve42.co/Newspapers
Decommisioned nuke image via The Moscow Times – https://ve42.co/MT2012
Soviet inspection image via Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists – https://ve42.co/Krzyzaniak2019
Decommissioning nuclear weapon via ShareAmerica – https://ve42.co/Kaufman2014

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Ashley Hamer
Additional research and fact checking by Gregor Čavlović and Will Wood
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello and Alondra Vitae
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard

The headline of this article, “AI trends: What experts, execs think artificial intelligence will look like in 2024“, makes an point. In most industries, what things will look like next year is what they look like this year… but AI is different. AI will move fast. Then, very fast. Though some companies, institutions and individuals have been researching and developing AI for decades, the race is now properly on. Buckle your seatbelts, folks, and pray for a good outcome.

“AI trends: What experts, execs think artificial intelligence will look like in 2024”
https://finance.yahoo.com/m/87fdc44c-80be-3a9d-9d01-c44d00e43039/ai-trends-what-experts-.html

How does Japan prepare for its devastating earthquakes? With this giant simulator. For a free trial to Shopify go to https://www.shopify.com/veritasium.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to https://ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically.

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A massive thank you to everyone at NIED for allowing access to their facility. Massive thanks to Okouchi-san for arranging this shoot.

A huge thank you to Dr. Yohsuke Kawamata for the tour of E-defense and for sharing his deep expertise.

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References:
Nakashima, M., et al. (2018). Experiences, accomplishments, lessons, and challenges of E‐defense. Tests using world’s largest shaking table. Japan Architectural Review, 1(1), 4-17. – https://ve42.co/Nakashima
Suganuma, K. (2005). 3-D Full-Scale Earthquake Testing Facility (E-Defense). NISTEP Science & Technology Foresight Center. – https://ve42.co/Suganuma
Ohtani, K., et al. (2004). Construction of E-Defense (3-D full-scale earthquake testing facility). In Thirteenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (Vol. 189). – https://ve42.co/Ohtani
Horiuchi, T., et al. (2022). Contributions of E-Defense Shaking Table to Earthquake Engineering and its Future. Journal of Disaster Research, 17(6), 985-999. – https://ve42.co/Horiuchi
Nakamura, I., et al. (2008). E-Defense experiments on full-scale wooden houses. In Proceedings of the 14th World conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing, China (pp. 12-17). – https://ve42.co/Nakamura
Japan: The Next Big Quake. Financial Times. – https://ve42.co/BigQuake

Images & Video:
Kobe earthquake compilation – https://ve42.co/Kobe

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
carrotcypher, Chris Harper, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, Adam Foreman, Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, KeyWestr, TTST, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, David Johnston, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.

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Directed by Will Wood and Petr Lebedev
Written by Will Wood, Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Jack Saxon and Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Leigh Williamson, David Szakaly
Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Lui Kimishima and Derek Muller
Produced by Will Wood, Petr Lebedev, Han Evans and Derek Muller
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and NIED (E-defense)
Music from Epidemic Sound

Follow Tesla Talk on X with hosts Whole Mars Catalog, Sawyer Merritt, and Stock Talk. You can find the full space here: https://twitter.com/i/spaces/1mnxepDgvLvJX?s=20

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I worked at Tesla starting in July of 2017 as an Operations Analyst out of the Bethlehem, PA distribution center facility and left as a Program Manager based out of Austin, TX as of September 2021. I spent most of my time in the distribution and supply chain organizations.

Before Tesla, I was a Director of Business Intelligence and Pricing at the largest Pet Food & Supply distributor in the US, Phillips Pet Food & Supplies based out of Easton, PA. My wife and I also owned a small business in Bethlehem, PA between 2016 and 2019.

I have been a shareholder of Tesla since 2012 and currently own Tesla stock.

My thoughts are my own and are not representative of everyone who currently works, or has worked at Tesla.

If you like this content I would greatly appreciate your likes and shares!

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The Robots Are Coming https://www.farzadmesbahi.com/merch
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Use my referral link to purchase a Tesla product https://ts.la/farzad69506

I worked at Tesla starting in July of 2017 as an Operations Analyst out of the Bethlehem, PA distribution center facility and left as a Program Manager based out of Austin, TX as of September 2021. I spent most of my time in the distribution and supply chain organizations.

Before Tesla, I was a Director of Business Intelligence and Pricing at the largest Pet Food & Supply distributor in the US, Phillips Pet Food & Supplies based out of Easton, PA. My wife and I also owned a small business in Bethlehem, PA between 2016 and 2019.

I have been a shareholder of Tesla since 2012 and currently own Tesla stock.

My thoughts are my own and are not representative of everyone who currently works, or has worked at Tesla.

If you like this content I would greatly appreciate your likes and shares!

http://www.farzadmesbahi.com
http://www.linkedin.com/in/farzadmesbahi
Twitter @farzyness

#Tesla #elonmusk #twitter #tsla #TeslaNews #TeslaFSD #TeslaFSDBeta #teslastockanalysis #TeslaUpdate #investing #ElonMuskNews #teslanews #EV #FSD #investing

150 million ago, Southeastern Colorado was a tropical climate with dinosaurs roaming the land. The Apatosaurus and Allosaurus have left remnants of their presence in the ground with over 1900 footprints that have been preserved in the rock. The location of the tracks was previously a muddy bank of a lake during the Jurassic era. Today, the Comanche National Grassland hosts North America’s largest dinosaur track site, which are found along the shores of the Purgatoire river, forming over 130 trackways.

If you would like to support my work, please consider buying my book Enigmatic North America: Legends, Oddities, and Controversial History, which is available on Amazon! – https://www.amazon.com/Enigmatic-North-America-Oddities-Controversial/product-reviews/B0CLK35R13/ref=cm_cr_dp_d_show_all_btm?ie=UTF8&reviewerType=all_reviews

Music – CO.AG – Kneel Before Your God

The Robots Are Coming https://www.farzadmesbahi.com/merch
FREE One Year Supply of Vitamin d3+k2 and 5 AG1 Travel Packs ➡ https://drinkAG1.com/farzad

Join this channel to get access to perks:
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Use my referral link to purchase a Tesla product https://ts.la/farzad69506

I worked at Tesla starting in July of 2017 as an Operations Analyst out of the Bethlehem, PA distribution center facility and left as a Program Manager based out of Austin, TX as of September 2021. I spent most of my time in the distribution and supply chain organizations.

Before Tesla, I was a Director of Business Intelligence and Pricing at the largest Pet Food & Supply distributor in the US, Phillips Pet Food & Supplies based out of Easton, PA. My wife and I also owned a small business in Bethlehem, PA between 2016 and 2019.

I have been a shareholder of Tesla since 2012 and currently own Tesla stock.

My thoughts are my own and are not representative of everyone who currently works, or has worked at Tesla.

If you like this content I would greatly appreciate your likes and shares!

http://www.farzadmesbahi.com
http://www.linkedin.com/in/farzadmesbahi
Twitter @farzyness

#Tesla #elonmusk #twitter #tsla #TeslaNews #TeslaFSD #TeslaFSDBeta #teslastockanalysis #TeslaUpdate #investing #ElonMuskNews #teslanews #EV #FSD #investing