How an SAT question became a mathematical paradox. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever:
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I invented Snatoms, a molecule modeling kit where the atoms snap together magnetically. Try it at https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Huge thanks to Dr. Doug Jungreis for taking the time to speak with us about this SAT question.
Thanks to Stellarium, a wonderful free astronomy simulator – https://ve42.co/Stellarium
Thanks to Newspapers.com, a database of historical newspapers – https://ve42.co/Newspapers

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References:
Summary of this problem by MindYourDecisions – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kN3AOMrnEUs
More cool math about this problem by Kyle Hill – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zCDbB9wvrc
Discussion of a solar day by MinutePhysics – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZMMuv0Ltyo
Murtagh, J. (2023). The SAT Problem That Everybody Got Wrong. Scientific American – https://ve42.co/SATSciAm
United Press International (1982). Error Found in S.A.T. Question. New York Times – https://ve42.co/SAT-NYT
Yang (2020). What’s the hardest SAT math problem that you’ve seen? Quora – https://ve42.co/SATQuora
Coin rotation paradox via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/CoinParadox
Simmons, B. (2015). Circle revolutions rolling around another circle. MathStackExchange. – https://ve42.co/CircleRoll
Sidereal time via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/SiderealWiki
Solar Time vs. Sidereal Time via Las Cumbres Observatory – https://ve42.co/SiderealLCO

Images & Video:
Zotti, G., et al. (2021). The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research – https://ve42.co/Stellarium
Newspapers from 1980s – 1990s via Newspapers.com – https://ve42.co/Newspapers
SAT Practice Test via the College Board – https://ve42.co/PracticeSAT
Revolution Definition via NASA – https://ve42.co/RevolutionNASA
Revolution Definition via Merriam-Webster – https://ve42.co/RevolutionWebster
Earth motion animation via NASA – https://ve42.co/OrbitNASA
Satellite animation via NASA – https://ve42.co/SatNASA

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang and Gregor Čavlović
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, Gregor Čavlović, and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

How do sewing machines actually work? Get your first month of KiwiCo FREE at https://www.kiwico.com/veritasium

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to https://ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically.

▀▀▀
A huge thanks to Prof. Andy Ruina for suggesting this video topic, guiding us in the research, and giving deeply insightful notes.

Massive thanks to Noah Johnson and Tina Vines for teaching Derek how to chain-stitch, and letting us shoot with your embroidery machine! Please check out https://www.instagram.com/stitchrite and https://www.instagram.com/tina_vines if you’re interested in seeing more of their gorgeous chain stitch embroidery.

Thanks to Denny Stanley and the whole crew at Las Vegas Props for building the large replica model of the sewing machine. https://www.vegasprops.net

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References:
Parton, J. (1870). History of the Sewing-machine. Howe Machine Company, No. 38, N. Charles St.. — https://ve42.co/Patron1870

Gregory, J. M. (2006). A History of the Sewing Machine to 1880. Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 76(1), 127-144. — https://ve42.co/Gregory2006

How America Spends Money: 100 Years In the Life of the Family Budget, The Atlantic — https://ve42.co/Budget1

Buckman, J. (2016). Unraveling the Threads: The Life, Death and Resurrection of the Singer Sewing Machine Company, America’s First Multi-National Corporation. Dog Ear Publishing.

Lewton, F. L. (1930). The servant in the house: a brief history of the sewing machine (Vol. 3056). US Government Printing Office. — https://ve42.co/Lewton1930

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, Gene Nagata and Taylor Cody
Additional Research by Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

How to lead a happier, healthier and longer life. Check out our sponsor: https://betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.

▀▀▀
A huge thanks to Prof. Robert Waldinger for all his help with this video.

To learn more about what makes for a good life, visit: https://the-good-life-book.com/ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KkKuTCFvzI&pp=ygUJd2FsZGluZ2Vy

A special thanks to Prof. Julianne Holt-Lunstad for her expert advice on the importance of social connections and the detrimental effects of loneliness and social isolation.

▀▀▀
Additional Videos:
Family Reacts to Winning CA$1 Million Lotto, NowThisNews via YouTube – https://ve42.co/CA1Lottery

Woman claims to be $1 billion Powerball winner, KTLA 5 via YouTube – https://ve42.co/1BilLottery

Old Lottery Winner Meets Young Lottery Winner | The Gap, LADbible TV via YouTube – https://ve42.co/LADBibleLottery

Why eyewitnesses get it wrong – Scott Fraser, TED-Ed via Youtube – https://ve42.co/TEDFraser

Surgeon General discusses health risks of loneliness and steps to help connect with others, PBS NewsHour via YouTube – https://ve42.co/PBS-SG

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References:
Waldinger, R., & Schulz, M. (2023). The Good Life: Lessons from the World’s Longest Scientific Study of Happiness. Simon and Schuster.

Lindqvist et al. (2020). Long-run effects of lottery wealth on psychological well-being. The Review of Economic Studies. – https://ve42.co/Lindqvist2020

Wen et al. (2011). Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study. The lancet. – https://ve42.co/Wen2011

Nocon et al. (2008). Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. – https://ve42.co/Nocon2008

Blondell et al. (2014). Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMC public health. – https://ve42.co/Blondell2014

Office of the Surgeon General. (2023). Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The US Surgeon General’s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community. – https://ve42.co/LonelinessEpidemic

Holt-Lunstad et al. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS medicine. – https://ve42.co/Holt-Lunstad2010

Valtorta et al. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart. –
https://ve42.co/Valtorta2016

Shovestul et al. (2020). Risk factors for loneliness: The high relative importance of age versus other factors. PloS one. – https://ve42.co/Shovestul2020

Donovan et al. (2017). Loneliness, depression and cognitive function in older US adults. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. – https://ve42.co/Donovan2017

Lara et al. (2019). Does loneliness contribute to mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Ageing research reviews. – https://ve42.co/Lara2019

Holt-Lunstad et al. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on psychological science. – https://ve42.co/Holt-Lunstad2015

McIntyre et al. (2015). Compulsive Internet use and relations between social connectedness, and introversion. Computers in Human Behavior. – https://ve42.co/McIntyre2015

Kahneman & Deaton. (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences. – https://ve42.co/Kahneman2010

Killingsworth. (2021). Experienced well-being rises with income, even above $75,000 per year. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. – https://ve42.co/Killingsworth2021

Killingsworth et al. (2023). Income and emotional well-being: A conflict resolved. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. – https://ve42.co/Killingsworth2023

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli and Ivy Tello
Filmed by Derek Muller, Emily Zhang, and Zyan Treadwell
Produced by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley

We visited the US Navy to test the best night vision goggles in the world. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to https://ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically.

Huge thanks to Dr. Ben Conley and the entire team at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division. You can check out more of their work here: https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/Warfare-Centers/NSWC-Crane/
Or their YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/NSWCCraneDivision

▀▀▀
Video References:
Tyson, J. (2001). How Night Vision Works. How Stuff Works. – https://ve42.co/HSWNightVision
Montoro, H. P. Image Intensification: The Technology of Night Vision. Photonics. – https://ve42.co/PhotonicsTech
Brain Stuff – HowStuffWorks via YouTube – https://ve42.co/HSWVideo
Photonis via YouTube – https://ve42.co/Photonis
Operator Drewski via YouTube – https://ve42.co/NVGaming
Night-vision device via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/NVWiki
Image intensifier via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Intensifier
Lodriguss, J. How Digital Cameras Work. AstroPix. –https://ve42.co/AstroPix
Kinka-Byo. (2019). What is the physical cause of increasing noise at high ISO? StackExchange. – https://ve42.co/PhotoISO
Macias, A. (2015). The secret NVGs SEAL Team Six wore on the Bin Laden raid. Business Insider. – https://ve42.co/BINightVision
Van Dommelen, L. Thermionic Emis­sion. Quan­tum Me­chan­ics for En­gi­neers. – https://ve42.co/Thermoionic
Nave, R. (2016). Blackbody Radiation. HyperPhysics. – https://ve42.co/BlackBody
Night Vision Terminology – Generations. ModArmory. – https://ve42.co/ModArmory
NASA (2018). X-ray Detectors – Electrical Current Detections. – https://ve42.co/NASAXRay

Images & Video:
Osama Bin Laden report, via CNN on YouTube – https://ve42.co/CNNOBL
Sicario Night Raid Scene, via Movieclips on YouTube – https://ve42.co/Sicario
Splinter Cell footage, via Ubisoft on YouTube – https://ve42.co/SplinterCell
Step Brothers Night Vision Scene, via masusockvevo on YouTube – https://ve42.co/StepBrothers
Ukraine report, via CNN on YouTube – https://ve42.co/CNNUkraine
FLIR K2 Thermal Imaging Camera footage, via Teledyne FLIR on YouTube – https://ve42.co/FLIRK2
Chandra X-ray Observatory imagery, via NASA – https://ve42.co/NASAChandra

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Ivy Tello
Filmed by Trenton Oliver, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Raquel Nuno
Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

The Robots Are Coming https://www.farzadmesbahi.com/merch
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I worked at Tesla starting in July of 2017 as an Operations Analyst out of the Bethlehem, PA distribution center facility and left as a Program Manager based out of Austin, TX as of September 2021. I spent most of my time in the distribution and supply chain organizations.

Before Tesla, I was a Director of Business Intelligence and Pricing at the largest Pet Food & Supply distributor in the US, Phillips Pet Food & Supplies based out of Easton, PA. My wife and I also owned a small business in Bethlehem, PA between 2016 and 2019.

I have been a shareholder of Tesla since 2012 and currently own Tesla stock.

My thoughts are my own and are not representative of everyone who currently works, or has worked at Tesla.

If you like this content I would greatly appreciate your likes and shares!

http://www.farzadmesbahi.com
http://www.linkedin.com/in/farzadmesbahi
Twitter @farzyness

#Tesla #elonmusk #twitter #tsla #TeslaNews #TeslaFSD #TeslaFSDBeta #teslastockanalysis #TeslaUpdate #investing #ElonMuskNews #teslanews #EV #FSD #investing

To kickstart your business or online store with a free trial of Shopify, go to http://shopify.com/veritasium

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
Huge thanks to Carlo Rovelli: https://t.co/FF5ohRQB8R
And Geraint Lewis: https://www.geraintflewis.com/

▀▀▀
Images and references:
Holographic wormhole, via Nature – https://ve42.co/Holographic

‘Did physicists create a wormhole in a quantum computer?’ by Davide Castelvecchi, via Nature – https://ve42.co/NatureWormhole

Traversable Holographic Wormhole by Sarag Wells, via Vice – https://ve42.co/ViceWormhole

‘Quantum teleportation opens a ‘wormhole in space–time’’ by Martijn Boerkamp, via Physics World – https://ve42.co/PWTeleportation

‘Physicists Create a Holographic Wormhole’ by Natalie Wolchover, via Quanta – https://ve42.co/QuantaWormhole

‘the Smallest, Crummiest Wormhole You Can Imagine’, via The New York Times – https://ve42.co/NYTWormhole

‘How Physicists Created a Holographic, via Quanta – https://ve42.co/QuantaYTWormhole

Quantum computer imagery, via Quantumai – https://ve42.co/Quantumai

‘Nuclear fusion breakthrough’, via Sky News – https://ve42.co/SkyWormhole

‘NASA scientist explains why images from new telescope astounded him’, via CNN on YouTube – https://ve42.co/CNNWormhole

‘Neutrino Faster Than Speed of Light’, via Associated Press – https://ve42.co/APWormhole

‘Michio Kaku on Quantum Computing’, via PowerfulJRE – https://ve42.co/JRE

AskScience AMA Series, via r/askscience on Reddit – https://ve42.co/ClimateAMA

‘Professor Andrei Linde celebrates physics breakthrough’, via Stanford – https://ve42.co/AndreiLinde

‘Gravitational waves turn to dust’ by Ian Sample, via The Guardian – https://ve42.co/Waves2Dust

‘The First Room-Temperature Ambient-Pressure Superconductor’, Sukbae Lee, Ji-Hoon Kim, Young-Wan Kwon, 2023, via arXiv – https://ve42.co/Superconductor

‘What’s the buzz about LK-99?’, via Global News – https://ve42.co/GlobalLK99

Meissner effect, via @andrewmccalip on Twitter – https://ve42.co/Meissner

‘Will LK99 Superconductor CHANGE THE WORLD?’, via Breaking Points on YouTube – https://ve42.co/BreakingPoints

‘Superconductor Breakthroughs’, via WSJ – https://ve42.co/WSJSuperconductor

LK99 claims forum post, via Spacebattles – https://ve42.co/KL99Forum

Copper graph, via Handbook of Electromagnetic Materials – https://ve42.co/CopperGraph

LK-99 Superconductor ​showing levitation – https://ve42.co/Levitation

‘Unreliable social science research’ by Cathleen O’Grady, via Science – https://ve42.co/SocialScience

Tiny Neutrinos article by Dennis Overbye, via The NYT – https://ve42.co/NYTNeutrinos

‘The Crisis in Cosmology’ by Astrophysics in Process, via Medium – https://ve42.co/CosmoCrisis

‘Some scientists speak of a “crisis in cosmology.”’ by Adam Frank, via Big Think – https://ve42.co/BigThinkCosmo

‘Why is there a ‘crisis’ in cosmology?’ by Paul Sutter, via Space – https://ve42.co/SpaceCosmo

‘Breakthrough in nuclear fusion, via PBS NewsHour on YouTube – https://ve42.co/PBSBreakthrough

DOE National Lab press conference, via U.S. Department of Energy on YouTube – https://ve42.co/DOEPress

‘Nuclear fusion breakthrough’ by Catherine Clifford, via CNBC – https://ve42.co/CNBCFusion

‘US officials announce nuclear fusion breakthrough’, via CNN – https://ve42.co/CNNFusion

Nuclear fusion article, via CNN – https://ve42.co/CNNNuclear

Climate catastrophe article by Robin McKie, via The Guardian – https://ve42.co/GuardianClimate

Nuclear fusion article by Nicola Davis, via The Guardian – https://ve42.co/GuardianFusion

Fusion breakthrough article, via Imperial College London – https://ve42.co/ImperialFusion

Wednesday briefing by Archive Bland, via The Guardian – https://ve42.co/GuardianBriefing

Sky Sport News Bulletin, via Sky Sport NZ on YouTube – https://ve42.co/SkyBulletin

Alien Probe Ignored Us article by Ed Maz – https://ve42.co/AlienProbe

Attempts to scan the mysterious Oumuamua ‘comet’ article by Shivali Best, via MailOnline – https://ve42.co/Oumuamua

‘Have Aliens Found Us?’ by Isaac Chotiner – https://ve42.co/NYTAliens

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Derek Muller and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Geoff Barrett

The Holy Ghost Pictograph at Canyonlands National Park might just be the best example of Native American Rock Art in the world. This 7.5 mile round trip hike was incredible, and I made this video to help you get a good understanding of what it was like. This particular canyon is called Horse Shoe Canyon, and it features petroglyphs, pictographs, and artifacts all around. The highlight of the trip is the Holy Ghost Pictograph at the Great Gallery.

Do you like Historical Oddities? Please help support my work by checking out my book, “Enigmatic North America: Legends, Oddities, and Controversial History.” – Both my paperback book and ebook are available on amazon – https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CLK35R13

Thanks for watching my videos!

The Robots Are Coming https://www.farzadmesbahi.com/merch
FREE One Year Supply of Vitamin d3+k2 and 5 AG1 Travel Packs ➡ https://drinkAG1.com/farzad

Join this channel to get access to perks:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgbyN_o-Guwpyqfuuz3pyIw/join

Use my referral link to purchase a Tesla product https://ts.la/farzad69506

I worked at Tesla starting in July of 2017 as an Operations Analyst out of the Bethlehem, PA distribution center facility and left as a Program Manager based out of Austin, TX as of September 2021. I spent most of my time in the distribution and supply chain organizations.

Before Tesla, I was a Director of Business Intelligence and Pricing at the largest Pet Food & Supply distributor in the US, Phillips Pet Food & Supplies based out of Easton, PA. My wife and I also owned a small business in Bethlehem, PA between 2016 and 2019.

I have been a shareholder of Tesla since 2012 and currently own Tesla stock.

My thoughts are my own and are not representative of everyone who currently works, or has worked at Tesla.

If you like this content I would greatly appreciate your likes and shares!

http://www.farzadmesbahi.com
http://www.linkedin.com/in/farzadmesbahi
Twitter @farzyness

#Tesla #elonmusk #twitter #tsla #TeslaNews #TeslaFSD #TeslaFSDBeta #teslastockanalysis #TeslaUpdate #investing #ElonMuskNews #teslanews #EV #FSD #investing

Discover strange new universes that turn up at the core of Einstein’s General Relativity. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever:
https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
A massive thank you to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for all his help with this video.

A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis and Dr. Ashmeet Singh for helping us understand the applications of Non-Euclidean geometry in astronomy/cosmology.

Lastly, a big thank you to Dr. Henry Segerman and Dr. Rémi Coulon for helping us visualize what it’s like to be inside hyperbolic space and helping us understand hyperbolic geometry.

▀▀▀
Images:
Euclid via Science Museum Group – https://ve42.co/Euclid

Geodesy survey via ams – https://ve42.co/Geodesy

John Wheeler via NAS Online – https://ve42.co/Wheeler

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References:
Dunham, W. (1991). Journey through Genius: Great Theorems of Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons.

Bonola, R. (1955). Non-Euclidean geometry: A critical and historical study of its development. Courier Corporation.

Library of Congress. (n.d.). The Library of Congress. – https://ve42.co/LibofCongress

Euclid’s Elements, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Elements

The History of Non-Euclidean Geometry, Extra History via YouTube – https://ve42.co/ExtraHistory

We (could) live on a 4D Pringle – Physics for the Birds via YouTube – https://ve42.co/4DPringle

Parallel Postulate, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Parallel

Prékopa, A., & Molnár, E. (Eds.). (2006). Non-euclidean geometries: János Bolyai memorial volume (Vol. 581). Springer Science & Business Media.

St Andrews, University of. (n.d.). Bolyai. MacTutor History of Mathematics. – https://ve42.co/Bolyai

Bolyai, J. (1896). The Science Absolute of Space.. (Vol. 3). The Neomon.

Gauss, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Gauss

Singh, U. (2022). Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevsky: The dawn of non-euclidean geometry. Medium. – https://ve42.co/CPNonEuclidean

Landvermessung, D. Z. (1929). Abhandlungen ueber Gauss’ wissenschaftliche Taetigkeit auf den Gebieten der Geodaesie, Physik und Astronomie Bd. 11, Abt. – https://ve42.co/Landvermessung

Nikolai Lobachevsky, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Lobachevsky

Lobachevskiĭ, N. I. (1891). Geometrical researches on the theory of parallels. University of Texas.

A Problem with the Parallel Postulate, Numberphile via YouTube – https://ve42.co/NumberphileParallel

Riemann, B. (2016). On the hypotheses which lie at the bases of geometry. Birkhäuser. – https://ve42.co/Riemann

Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Annalen der physik, 17(10), 891-921. – https://ve42.co/Einstein1905

ESA/Hubble. (n.d.). Hubblecast 90: The final frontier of the Frontier Fields. ESA/Hubble. – https://ve42.co/Einstein1905

Agazie, G., et al. (2023). The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Constraints on supermassive black hole binaries from the gravitational-wave background. – https://ve42.co/NANOGrav

Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background, PBS Spacetime via YouTube – https://ve42.co/PBSCMB

Wood, C. (2020). How Ancient Light Reveals the Universe’s Contents. Quanta Magazine. – https://ve42.co/AncientLight

Collaboration (2014). Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters. A&A, 571, A16. – https://ve42.co/Planck2013

WMAP Science Team, NASA. (2014). Matter in the Universe. WMAP, NASA. – https://ve42.co/WMAP2014

What Is The Shape of Space, minutephysics via YouTube – https://ve42.co/SpaceShape

Shape of the universe, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/UniverseShape

Crocheting Hyperbolic Planes: Daina Taimina by Ted, via YouTube – https://ve42.co/Hyperbolic

Hyperbolic Crochet model – https://ve42.co/Crochet

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Alex Kontorovich
Edited by Jack Saxon
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Mike Radjabov
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek and Celia Bode
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, and by courtesy of: NASA, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA’s WMAP science teams, ESO, and ESA/Hubble.
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley

YES, THIS IS A REUPLOAD. The original was age-restricted and demonetized. To support the channel directly, you can buy Snatoms: https://ve42.co/snatoms1 https://ve42.co/amzn or support on Patreon: https://ve42.co/p

Fritz Haber is the scientist who arguably most transformed the world.
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A huge thanks to Dan Charles for writing a fantastic biography of Fritz Haber, for taking the time to talk to us about it, and providing valuable feedback. This video would not be what it is without his contributions. http://site.danielcharles.us https://ve42.co/Charles

Thanks to Tom de Prinse from Explosions and Fire for helping us with the chemistry of explosives. If you like explosions and/or fire, you will love his channel. https://www.youtube.com/c/ExplosionsFire2

Thanks to Michael Kuiper of CSIRO for the animation of the composition of air – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9JvX58aRfg

Special thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Karl Kruszelnicki, Mary Dobbie, Olivia McRae, and the patreon supporters for giving us feedback on the earlier version of this video.

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References:

The primary reference used is Vaclav Smil’s excellent book, Enriching The Earth –
Smil, V. (2004). Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. MIT press. – https://ve42.co/Smil

Mastermind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare, by Dan Charles – https://ve42.co/Charles

Stoltzenberg, D. (2004). Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Chemical Heritage Foundation. – https://ve42.co/Stoltzenberg

Postgate, J. R. (1982). The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. CUP Archive. – https://ve42.co/postgate

Miles, A. G. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. – https://ve42.co/Miles

Friedrich, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Clara Immerwahr: A life in the shadow of Fritz Haber. In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences(pp. 45-67). Springer, Cham. – https://ve42.co/Friedrich2017

Da Silva, G. (2020). What is ammonium nitrate, the chemical that exploded in Beirut. Sci Am, 5. – https://ve42.co/Silva

Rodrigues, P., & Micael, J. (2021). The importance of guano birds to the Inca Empire and the first conservation measures implemented by humans. – https://ve42.co/rodrigues

Allison, F. E. (1957). Nitrogen and soil fertility. Soil, the, 85-94. – https://ve42.co/Allison

Crookes, W. (1898). Address of the President before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1898. Science, 8(200), 561-575. – https://ve42.co/Crookes

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy ‘kkm’ K’Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

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Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson and Kovi Rose
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animation by Jakub Mistek, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Alex Drakoulis, Nils Ramses Kullack, and Charlie Davies
SFX by Shaun Clifford
Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno
Photo of nitrogen deficiency in rice from https://ve42.co/rice
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound: https://ve42.co/music