He held his breath for 17 minutes. How can you do the same? Check out our sponsor: https://betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.

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A huge thanks to Brandon Birchak for all his help with this video. To learn how to hold your breath for 5 minutes, or see one of Brandon’s performances, visit https://eliteperformancedesign.com and https://Sixfootcreations.com

A special thanks to Juan Valdivia for his expert advice on the science of extreme breath holding.

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References:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). How your body controls breathing. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. – https://ve42.co/BodyBreathing

Anatomy, autonomic nervous system – statpearls – NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-a). – https://ve42.co/ANS

Biochemistry, oxidative phosphorylation – statpearls – NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-c). – https://ve42.co/ncbiATP

Acidosis. Acidosis – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). – https://ve42.co/Acidosis

Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis. Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US. (n.d.). – https://ve42.co/Alkalosis

Wilmshurst, P. (1998, October 10). Diving and Oxygen. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). – https://ve42.co/DivingO

López-Barneo, J., Ortega-Sáenz, P., Pardal, R., Pascual, A., & Piruat, J. I. (2008). Carotid body oxygen sensing. European Respiratory Journal, 32(5), 1386-1398. – https://ve42.co/Barneo2008

Jeff, & Huffy. (2022, November 17). The Bolt score test: Measure your breathing volume capacity. Marathon Handbook. – https://ve42.co/BOLT

Lindholm, P., & Lundgren, C. E. (2009). The physiology and pathophysiology of human breath-hold diving. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(1), 284-292. – https://ve42.co/Lindholm2009

Physiology, lung capacity – statpearls – NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-c). – https://ve42.co/LungCapacity

Panneton, W. M., & Gan, Q. (2020). The mammalian diving response: inroads to its neural control. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 524. – https://ve42.co/Panneton2020

Baković, D., Eterović, D., Saratlija‐Novaković, X., Palada, I., Valic, Z., Bilopavlović, N., & Dujić, X. (2005). Effect of human splenic contraction on variation in circulating blood cell counts. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 32(11), 944-951. https://ve42.co/Bakovic2005

Gooden, B. (1971). The diving response in man, rat and echidna (Doctoral dissertation). – https://ve42.co/Gooden1971

Longest duration breath hold – freediving static apnea (male). Guinness World Records. (n.d.). – https://ve42.co/DivingRecord

What’s the longest a human can hold their breath underwater? BBC Science Focus Magazine. (n.d.). – https://ve42.co/Southwell2023

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Derek Muller
Written by Felicity Nelson and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Ivy Tello
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Derek Muller and Han Evans
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

Earth has been closer to Nuclear War more times than you’d think. Head over to
https://hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code ‘Veritasium’ for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect.

▀▀▀
References:
List of Broken Arrows — https://ve42.co/AtomicArchive https://ve42.co/BrokenArrowsReport
Declassified Goldsboro Report — https://ve42.co/Goldsboro
Operation ChromeDome — https://ve42.co/OperationChromeDome
CIA website — https://ve42.co/CIA

Cataclysmic cargo: The hunt for four missing nuclear bombs after a B-52 crash — https://ve42.co/WoPo
THE LAST FLIGHT OF HOBO 28 — https://ve42.co/lastflight
The Voice of Larry Messinger is from this documentary — https://ve42.co/Messinger
Even Without Detonation, 4 Hydrogen Bombs From ’66 Scar Spanish Village — https://ve42.co/NYTPalomares
Decades Later, Sickness Among Airmen After a Hydrogen Bomb Accident — https://ve42.co/NYTPalomares2
Picture of ReVelle — https://ve42.co/JackReVelle1
Great NPR where the audio of ReVelle is from — https://ve42.co/JackReVelle2
CIA Website — https://ve42.co/CIA

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello and Mike Radjabov
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

There is an entire branch of math simply devoted to knots – and it has changed the world. We’ll rope you in. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever:
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▀▀▀
Huge thanks to Prof. Colin Adams for his excellent help guiding us through the world of knots.
Many thanks to Prof. Doug Smith, Dorian Raymer, Prof. David Leigh, and Prof. Dorothy Buck for helping us understand applications of knot theory.
Many thanks to Prof. Dan Silver & Prof. Jim Hoste for speaking with us about the history and tabulation of knots.

If you want to learn more about knots and play with them yourself, check out:
The amazing KnotPlot tool — https://knotplot.com/. Thanks to Rob Scharein for providing technical help as well!
A table of knots and all their invariants — https://knotinfo.math.indiana.edu/
The Knot Atlas for general info on knots — http://katlas.org/wiki/Main_Page

▀▀▀
Knot Theory Video References – https://ve42.co/KnotTheoryRefs

Images & Video:
Alexander Cutting the Gordian Knot by Donato Creti via Fine Art America – https://ve42.co/GordianCut
Indus Valley tablet via Quora – https://ve42.co/IndusValley
Pages from the Book of Kells via National Trust of Scotland – https://ve42.co/BookOfKells
Medieval Celtic designs from @thebookofkellsofficial via Instagram – https://ve42.co/KellsInsta
Chinese knotwork by YWang9174 via Wikimedia Commons – https://ve42.co/Panchang
Quipu cords by Pi3.124 via Wikimedia Commons – https://ve42.co/Quipu
Borromeo heraldry via Terre Borromeo – https://ve42.co/Borromeo
Birman/Jones letter via Celebratio Mathematica – https://ve42.co/JonesBirman
Molecular trefoil knot by M stone via Wikimedia Commons – https://ve42.co/TrefoilMolecule
X-ray structure of trefoil knot by Ll0103 via Wikimedia Commons – https://ve42.co/XrayTrefoil
Bacteria animation from Your Body’s Molecular Machines by Drew Berry via the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research – http://wehi.tv
Topoisomerase and knots from Orlandini et al. Synergy of topoisomerase. PNAS, vol. 116, no. 17, 2019, pp. 8149–8154. – https://ve42.co/Orlandini2019
KnotProt 2.0: A database of proteins with knots and slipknots – https://ve42.co/Knotprot

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek, and Mike Radjabov
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Emily Zhang
Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci and Mike Radjabov
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

Blimps and airships might be relics of the past, but could they help save the future? Head to https://www.odoo.com/r/veritasium to start building your own website for free.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
Thank you to Eli Dourado for letting us explore the argument he describes in his article: https://ve42.co/Dourado

A huge thank you to Dan Grossman and Nick Allman for their time, help, and expertise.

Also a massive thank you to those who helped us understand the world of modern airships, and provided valuable feedback – Prof. Barry Prentice, Gennadiy Verba, Prof.
Christoph Pflaum, Heather Roszczyk, Dr. Casey Handmer, Richard Van Trueren, & Thibault Proux.

We are also grateful for the collaboration of the companies who are working hard to make this comeback happen – Atlas LTA, Buoyant Aircraft Systems International, Hybrid Air Vehicles, LTA Research, & Flying Whales.

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References:

How Airships Could Overcome a Century of Failure, Bloomberg Originals via YouTube – https://ve42.co/AirshipsCoF

Why the Airship May Be the Future of Air Travel, Undecided with Matt Ferrell via YouTube – https://ve42.co/FutureAirships

Airship, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/AirshipWiki

Handmer, C. (2020). A quick note on airships. Casey Handmer’s Blog – https://ve42.co/Handmer2020

UNCTAD (2020). Review of Maritime Transport 2020 – https://ve42.co/RMT2020

National Transportation Research Center (2023). Freight Analysis Framework Version 5 (FAF5) – https://ve42.co/FAF5

Hybrid Air Vehicles (2023). HAV – https://ve42.co/HAV

LTA Research (2023). Lighter Than Air (LTA) Research – https://ve42.co/LTAResearch

OceanSkyCruises (2023). North Pole Expedition – OceanSkyCruises – https://ve42.co/NPExpedition

Flying Whales (2023). Flying Whales – https://ve42.co/FlyingWhales

Buoyant Aircraft Systems International (2023). BASI – https://ve42.co/BASI

Atlas LTA (2023). Atlas Electric Airships | Atlas LTA Airships – https://ve42.co/AtlasLTA

Prentice, B. (2021). Hydrogen gas-fuelled airships could spur development in remote communities. The Conversation – https://ve42.co/HydrogenAirships

Grossman, D. (2009). The Hindenburg Disaster. Airships – https://ve42.co/Hindenburg1

Hindenburg Disaster, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/HindenburgWiki

What happened to the Hindenburg?, Jared Owen via Youtube – https://ve42.co/Owen2019

National Museum of the U.S. Navy. USS Akron (ZRS-4) – https://ve42.co/USSAkron

USS Akron, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/USSAkronWiki

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Written by Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Directed by Casper Mebius
Edited by Jack Saxon
Filmed by Derek Muller, Jamie MacLeod, Han Evans, & Raquel Nuno
Animation by Mike Radjabov & Fabio Albertelli
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, & Envato Elements
Music from Epidemic Sound & Pond5
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, & Han Evans

More footage & photos from:
Thermite Rail Welding video by dulevoz via YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNjosF789X4

O’Rourke, T. (2016). Chronicle Covers: When the Hindenburg burst into flames. San Francisco Chronicle – https://ve42.co/Hindenburg2

Wind turbine blade transport video by DOLL Fahrzeugbau via YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aPXuap0LZw

Wind turbine blade transport through mountains video by CGTN via Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dtUrY8_1CM

Former Airship Hangar by Stefan Kühn – https://ve42.co/Aerium

Check Out Human Footprint on PBS Terra: https://youtu.be/-c_KBWyPGaQ

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We knew that the James Webb Space Telescope would find interesting stuff, especially about the mysterious early times. For example, there are hints that the galaxies we’re seeing are brighter and more regular than expected given the short amount of time they’d had to grow. Well, perhaps no one was expecting that we’d find a completely new type of star—one mostly made of and powered by dark matter and shining as bright as an entire galaxy. Which, by the way, might help us explain those pesky giant galaxies.

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IQ is supposed to measure intelligence, but does it? Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
A huge thank you to Emeritus Professor Cecil R. Reynolds and Dr. Stuart J. Ritchie for their expertise and time.

Also a massive thank you to Prof. Steven Piantadosi and Prof. Alan S. Kaufman for helping us understand this complicated topic. As well as to Jay Zagrosky from Boston University’s Questrom School of Business for providing data from his study.

▀▀▀
References:
Kaufman, A. S. (2009). IQ testing 101. Springer Publishing Company.

Reynolds, C. R., & Livingston, R. A. (2021). Mastering modern psychological testing. Springer International Publishing.

Ritchie, S. (2015). Intelligence: All that matters. John Murray.

Spearman, C. (1961). ” General Intelligence” Objectively Determined and Measured. – https://ve42.co/Spearman1904

Binet, A., & Simon, T. (1907). Le développement de l’intelligence chez les enfants. L’Année psychologique, 14(1), 1-94.. – https://ve42.co/Binet1907

Intelligence Quotient, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/IQWiki

Radiolab Presents: G. – https://ve42.co/RadioLabG

McDaniel, M. A. (2005). Big-brained people are smarter: A meta-analysis of the relationship between in vivo brain volume and intelligence. Intelligence, 33(4), 337-346. – https://ve42.co/McDaniel2005

Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C. (2007). Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence, 35(1), 13-21. – https://ve42.co/Deary2007

Lozano-Blasco, R., Quílez-Robres, A., Usán, P., Salavera, C., & Casanovas-López, R. (2022). Types of Intelligence and Academic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Intelligence, 10(4), 123. – https://ve42.co/Blasco2022

Kuncel, N. R., & Hezlett, S. A. (2010). Fact and fiction in cognitive ability testing for admissions and hiring decisions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 339-345. – https://ve42.co/Kuncel2010

Laurence, J. H., & Ramsberger, P. F. (1991). Low-aptitude men in the military: Who profits, who pays?. Praeger Publishers. – https://ve42.co/Laurence1991

Gregory, H. (2015). McNamara’s Folly: The Use of Low-IQ Troops in the Vietnam War; Plus the Induction of Unfit Men, Criminals, and Misfits. Infinity Publishing.

Gottfredson, L. S., & Deary, I. J. (2004). Intelligence predicts health and longevity, but why?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(1), 1-4. – https://ve42.co/Gottfredson2004

Sanchez-Izquierdo, M., Fernandez-Ballesteros, R., Valeriano-Lorenzo, E. L., & Botella, J. (2023). Intelligence and life expectancy in late adulthood: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 98, 101738. – https://ve42.co/Izquierdo2023

Zagorsky, J. L. (2007). Do you have to be smart to be rich? The impact of IQ on wealth, income and financial distress. Intelligence, 35(5), 489-501. – https://ve42.co/Zagorsky2007

Strenze, T. (2007). Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research. Intelligence, 35(5), 401-426. – https://ve42.co/Strenze2007

Deary, I. J., Pattie, A., & Starr, J. M. (2013). The stability of intelligence from age 11 to age 90 years: the Lothian birth cohort of 1921. Psychological science, 24(12), 2361-2368. – https://ve42.co/Deary2013

Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological bulletin, 101(2), 171. – https://ve42.co/Flynn1987

Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents’ | James Flynn, TED via YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vpqilhW9uI

Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P. D., Lynam, D. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2011). Role of test motivation in intelligence testing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(19), 7716-7720. – https://ve42.co/Duckworth2011

Kulik, J. A., Bangert-Drowns, R. L., & Kulik, C. L. C. (1984). Effectiveness of coaching for aptitude tests. Psychological Bulletin, 95(2), 179. – https://ve42.co/Kulik1984

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Written by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, & Petr Lebedev
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Filmed by Derek Muller, Han Evans, & Raquel Nuno
Animation by Fabio Albertelli & Ivy Tello
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, & Han Evans

J. Robert Oppenheimer forever changed the course of history. He may be the most important physicist to have ever lived. Part of this video is sponsored by Wren. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: ​https://www.wren.co/start/veritasium1 For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription!

If you want to learn more about Oppenheimer, I strongly recommend the book “American Prometheus” By Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin. It was the inspiration for Christopher Nolan’s 2023 film “Oppenheimer”, which won multiple awards, including Oscars in 2024 for Best Picture and Best Actor (Cillian Murphy).

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
A huge thank you to Dr. Martin Rohde and Dr. Antonia Denkova from the TU Delft for proofreading the script and providing valuable feedback.

▀▀▀
References:

Bird, K., & Sherwin, M. J. (2021). American Prometheus: the triumph and tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Atlantic Books.

Smith, A. K., & Weiner, C. (1980). Robert Oppenheimer: letters and recollections. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 36(5), 19-27. – https://ve42.co/Smith1980

Combes, J. M., Duclos, P., & Seiler, R. (1981). The born-oppenheimer approximation. Rigorous atomic and molecular physics, 185-213. – https://ve42.co/Combes1981

Rhodes, R. (2012). The making of the atomic bomb. Simon and Schuster.

Oppenheimer, J. R., & Volkoff, G. M. (1939). On massive neutron cores. Physical Review, 55(4), 374. – https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939b

Oppenheimer, J. R. (1927). Bemerkung zur Zerstreuung der α-Teilchen. Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(5-6), 413-415. – https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1927

Oppenheimer, J. R. (1927). Zur quantenmechanik der richtungsentartung. Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(1-2), 27-46. – https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1927b

Born, M., & Oppenheimer, R. (1927). Zur Quantentheorie der Molekeln Annalen der Physik, v. 84. – https://ve42.co/Born1927

Oppenheimer, J. R. (1928). Three notes on the quantum theory of aperiodic effects. Physical review, 31(1), 66.

Oppenheimer, J. R. (1928). On the quantum theory of the capture of electrons. Physical review, 31(3), 349.

Oppenheimer, J. R. (1931). Note on light quanta and the electromagnetic field. Physical Review, 38(4), 725.

Furry, W. H., & Oppenheimer, J. R. (1934). On the theory of the electron and positive. Physical Review, 45(4), 245. – https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1934

Oppenheimer, J. R. (1935). Note on charge and field fluctuations. Physical Review, 47(2), 144. – https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1935

Oppenheimer, J. R., & Snyder, H. (1939). On continued gravitational contraction. Physical Review, 56(5), 455. – https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939

Oppenheimer, J. R., & Phillips, M. (1935). Note on the transmutation function for deuterons. Physical Review, 48(6), 500. – https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1935b

Malik, J. (1985). Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions (No. LA-8819). Los Alamos National Lab.(LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States). – https://ve42.co/Malik1985

Ignition of the atmosphere with nuclear bombs — https://ve42.co/Konopinski46

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev & Derek Muller
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver & Katrina Jackson
Filmed by Derek Muller
Animation by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, & Mike Radjabov
Illustration by Jakub Misiek and Celia Bode
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

“Life will never be the same. Life is changing”

Fitting words for this new world we’re moving into. In 5 to 15 years, barring some widespread catastrophic world disaster, there will be technologies as mind-blowing as ChatGPT coming out every month. Yes, though ChatGPT has been over-hyped in some ways, but it has done something that’s never been done before, while defying the naysayers, who said it couldn’t be done.

#AI #singularity #thesingularity

This is the biggest, brightest, hottest video there is about the science of fireworks. This video is brought to you by Kiwico – go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium for your first month free!

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: https://snatoms.com

Check out Gene’s channel here — @PotatoJet

Massive thanks to Mike Tockstein from Pyrotechnic Innovations @PyroInnovations
and Will Scott from Las Vegas Display Fireworks Inc, for all your pyro knowledge and keeping us safe.

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Massive thanks to Gene Nagata from PotatoJet for filming this episode – check out his wonderful channel for more videos about cameras and FPV drones.

Thanks to Brandon Williams for helping with the chemistry and sourcing of materials.

Thanks to Matthew Tosh for the help with the chemistry conversation about fireworks.

Thanks to Simon Werrett for the help with the history of fireworks.

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Werrett, S. (2010). Fireworks: pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. University of Chicago Press

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.

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Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed by Derek Muller, Hunter Peterson, Gene Nagata, Raquel Nuno
Production by Hunter Peterson and Stephanie Castillo
Additional video/photos supplied by Mike Tockstein/Pyrotechnic Innovations
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius

One of the most important, yet least understood, concepts in all of physics. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: https://snatoms.com

We have a tabletop game launching! Pledge your support now – https://ve42.co/KickStarterD

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A huge thank you to those who helped us understand different aspects of this complicated topic – Dr. Ashmeet Singh, Supriya Krishnamurthy, Dr. Jos Thijssen, Dr. Bijoy Bera, Dr. Timon Idema, Álvaro Bermejillo Seco and Dr. Misha Titov.

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References:
Carnot, S. (1824). Reflections on the motive power of heat: and on machines fitted to develop that power. – https://ve42.co/Carnot1890

Harnessing The True Power Of Atoms | Order And Disorder Documentaries, Spark via YouTube – https://ve42.co/OrderDisorder

A better description of entropy, Steve Mould via YouTube – https://ve42.co/Mould2016

Dugdale, J. S. (1996). Entropy and its physical meaning. CRC Press. – https://ve42.co/Dugdale1996

Schroeder, D. V. (1999). An introduction to thermal physics. – https://ve42.co/Schroeder2021

Fowler, M. Heat Engines: the Carnot Cycle, University of Virginia. – https://ve42.co/Fowler2023

Chandler, D.L. (2010). Explained: The Carnot Limit, MIT News – https://ve42.co/Chandler2010

Entropy, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/EntropyWiki

Clausius, R. (1867). The mechanical theory of heat. Van Voorst. – https://ve42.co/Clausius1867

What is entropy? TED-Ed via YouTube – https://ve42.co/Phillips2017

Thijssen, J. (2018) Lecture Notes Statistical Physics, TU Delft.

Schneider, E. D., & Kay, J. J. (1994). Life as a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics. Mathematical and computer modelling, 19(6-8), 25-48. – https://ve42.co/Schneider1994

Lineweaver, C. H., & Egan, C. A. (2008). Life, gravity and the second law of thermodynamics. Physics of Life Reviews, 5(4), 225-242. – https://ve42.co/Lineweaver2008

Michaelian, K. (2012). HESS Opinions” Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life’s thermodynamic function”. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 16(8), 2629-2645. – https://ve42.co/Michaelian2012

England, J. L. (2013). Statistical physics of self-replication. The Journal of chemical physics, 139(12), 09B623_1. – https://ve42.co/England2013

England, J. L. (2015). Dissipative adaptation in driven self-assembly. Nature nanotechnology, 10(11), 919-923. – https://ve42.co/England2015

Wolchover, N. (2014). A New Physics Theory of Life, Quantamagazine – https://ve42.co/Wolchover2014

Lineweaver, C. H. (2013). The entropy of the universe and the maximum entropy production principle. In Beyond the Second Law: Entropy Production and Non-equilibrium Systems (pp. 415-427). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. – https://ve42.co/LineweaverEntropy

Bekenstein, J.D. (1972). Black holes and the second law. Lett. Nuovo Cimento 4, 737–740. – https://ve42.co/Bekenstein1972

Carroll, S.M. (2022). The Biggest Ideas in the Universe: Space, Time, and Motion. Penguin Publishing Group. – https://ve42.co/Carroll2022

Black hole thermodynamics, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/BlackHoleTD

Cosmology and the arrow of time: Sean Carroll at TEDxCaltech, TEDx Talks via YouTube – https://ve42.co/CarrollTEDx

Carroll, S. M. (2008). The cosmic origins of time’s arrow. Scientific American, 298(6), 48-57. – https://ve42.co/Carroll2008

The Passage of Time and the Meaning of Life | Sean Carroll (Talk + Q&A), Long Now Foundation via YouTube – https://ve42.co/CarrollLNF

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.

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Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller & Petr Lebedev
Edited by Trenton Oliver & Jamie MacLeod
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, Albert Leung & Raquel Nuno
Molecular collisions video by CSIRO’s Data61 via YouTube: Simulation of air
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and by courtesy of NASA, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, HMI, and WMAP science teams. As well as the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, B. Robertson, L. Hernquist
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius