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Quantum Electrodynamics is the first true Quantum Field Theory. Part 2 in our series on Quantum Field Theory. Signup for your free trial to The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/D0Ne30beNrn

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Thumbnail image created by epp.golp http://epp.ist.utl.pt/

Previous Episode:
Anti-Matter and Quantum Field Theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYkaahzFWfo

Quantum mechanics is perhaps the most unintuitive theory ever devised. And yet it’s also the most successful, in terms of sheer predictive power. Simply by following the math of quantum mechanics, incredible discoveries have been made. Its wild success tells us that the mathematical description provided by quantum mechanics reflects deep truths about reality. And by far the most successful, most predictive formulation of quantum mechanics is quantum field theory. It is our best description we have of the fundamental workings of reality. And the first part of quantum field theory that was derived – quantum electrodynamics – is the most precise, most accurate of all.

Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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Comments answer by Matt:
Feynstein 100
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYkaahzFWfo&lc=z131sffqsqqcfxaai04cgtoghljatf0isjs

Vacuum Diagrams
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYkaahzFWfo&lc=z12is3mb3oj2evimc23md5ipdy2xvb33y

Norbert Laskowski
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYkaahzFWfo&lc=z13pgnpporizujnxn04cgrkr5vedjxmz3rc0k

Christian Haas
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYkaahzFWfo&lc=z13rdjbjiseovl2tn22iur55jxnvifmgt04

John LaBrie
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYkaahzFWfo&lc=z13dtlmqjoesypdgk04cin3jmzmosjpplcw

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Paul Dirac’s insights into the nature of Quantum Mechanics laid the foundation for Quantum Field Theory and predicted the existence of anti-matter. Part 1 in our series on Quantum Field Theory. Try Skillshare at http://skl.sh/spacetime

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Review our quantum mechanics playlist: http://bit.ly/2rWTYSO

Book recommendations:
The Quantum Divide, by Christopher Gerry & Kimberley Bruno
The Character of Physical Law, by Richard Feynman

Previous Episode:
Supervoids vs Colliding Universes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrS0rxX-UhA

It’s 1928. Over the past quarter century, the greatest geniuses of the modern era discovered the two keys to the fundamental nature of reality. Einstein’s theories of special and general relativity had changed forever the way we think of motion, space, and time. And the emerging field of quantum mechanics had radically altered our understanding of the fundamental building blocks of the universe. Yet this year one brilliant insight would bring these theories together and unveil the quantum fabric of reality. It would also predict the existence of antimatter.

Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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Comments answered by Matt:

Sourcedrop
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrS0rxX-UhA&lc=z12fglgxiqyuzroqx04cjly40pboiddbqt40k

Vhsjpdfg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrS0rxX-UhA&lc=z13jylhxnpqzwjt5s04cehcilubxjvaoqp40k

Galdo145
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrS0rxX-UhA&lc=z135j5141pmhv1yop04cfdcjmojfgnbqznw0k

Pradhyumn
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrS0rxX-UhA&lc=z122hjuyfybrxpr3a22vctvxhkeahfmwq04

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Could the mysterious Cold Spot found in the CMB be the result of a collision with a bubble universe? Try 23andMe at http://23andme.com/spacetime
____________________________________________________

[CORRECTION: The calculated ISW cooling from cold spot observed voids is 0.000032 Kelvin not 0.032 K as is listed on screen, the actual cold spot temperature differential is 0.000150 Kelvin not 0.15 K, and the actual ISW cooling from the control region is 0.000014 Kelvin not 0.014 K. The actual control region temperature differential is 0.000015 Kelvin not 0.015K. Thanks to Chris Morong for catching this discrepancy!]

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Previous Episode:
The Fate of the First Stars
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pSUtWBiuB4

Space Time Journal Club examines Evidence Against a Supervoid Causing the CMB Cold Spot
https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.03814

If you study a map of the Cosmic Microwave Background, or CMB, you may notice a large, deep blue splotch on the lower right. This area, creatively named the Cold Spot. Is this feature a statistical fluke, the signature of vast supervoids, or even the imprint of another universe?

Written by Matt O’Dowd and Alexandra Yep
Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Graphics by Kurt Ross
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Resources:
Local Voids as the Origin of Large Scale CMB Anomalies
https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0602478

Watching Worlds Collide
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1475-7516/2009/04/025

Comments answer by Matt:

Fjellreven
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pSUtWBiuB4&lc=z12cydr5qvbsjpnja04cftmasve4uz1os40

yeme
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pSUtWBiuB4&lc=z13xstcqcwzetxvqr04cef3haoapz1oiork0k

myky992
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pSUtWBiuB4&lc=z12rtll43pybfnifk23tjftzhnb2xd023

Andrew Wright
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pSUtWBiuB4&lc=z12svntwkwumv1n3l23mzlvomtr2zfjtg

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Population III stars were the very first stars in our universe and far larger than any we can see today. Where are they now? Start your Audible trial today at http://www.audible.com/spacetime

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Previous Episode:
Martian Evolution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLR_a1MAy9I

Soon after the Big Bang, the first generation of monstrously large stars ignited, lit up the universe, and then died. The resulting swarms of supernova explosions enriched the universe with the first heavy elements and LOTs of black holes. They shaped everything that came after. These were the stars of Population III, and they are one of the most enduring mysteries in astrophysics.

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd and Alexandra Yep
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Comments answer by Matt:

Better & Better
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLR_a1MAy9I&lc=z123w5aomzqign4em23th3ejwkepcfhiv04

Matt b
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLR_a1MAy9I&lc=z12jihfrcnbqgznpp04cj1pqqxjgg3m4rzw0k

Peregrin O’Connor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLR_a1MAy9I&lc=z122iroyzvvehplyn04chxswuwmqunso2wk0k

Saleem Says
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLR_a1MAy9I&lc=z121cf0y2lakg1jcw230uz5bfx3xcbrub

David Webster
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLR_a1MAy9I&lc=z13cezgi1vubsbwkp23zjt1xbsumwvysw

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The first total solar eclipse in over 40 years is about to hit the United States. Get 15% off your next purchase at https://www.legalzoom.com/spacetime. LegalZoom is not a law firm or a substitute for the advice of an attorney. And be sure to check out Vanessa Hill’s documentary Mutant Menu https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrDM6Ic2xMM

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Previous Episode:
Ancestor SImulations with Neil deGrasse Tyson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58

Get your eclipse glasses ready because the a total solar eclipse is an astronomical event unlike any other.

Written by Alexandra Yep and Matt O’Dowd
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Comments answered by Matt:

Skiwi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z130cjxjkvbbv1vmq22uzdyhyoqthlhxa04

Bubbles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z134sddyfzfjwfjeq22kzb2wrmundt4la

Shiva Rajbhandari
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z134fnfpvlzpurfux23gfnfr5kbcjjcjr04

Jason 5499 5499
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z12vttuy0lups1b5q04cijiz2sbkjh1ydmc0k

CYN MMA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z12dipegnm2jsbvxc04cjvjjlkektdi5wfc

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Neil deGrasse Tyson sits down with Matt to discuss Ancestor Simulations. And check out Matt and Neil discussing how sure we are about our map of the universe https://youtu.be/6Ng1wwW6AeE You can subcribe to Startalk right here https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=startalkradio

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Previous Episode:
The Boltzmann Brain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhy4Z_32kQo

The Oh My God Particle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osvOr5wbkUw

The idea that our reality is a simulation is not as far-fetched as you may think. Many philosophers, scientists and tech-billionaires are seriously considering not just the possibility but the high probability that our civilization may be a program being run by another, more advanced alien civilization.

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Comments answer by Matt:

0xFFF1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osvOr5wbkUw&lc=z12lxde4hoyvhn4mi23sjnwjrwnljxe3m

KohuGaly
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhy4Z_32kQo&lc=z13miz0bsnbzfrkpi04cflm5ykuluxbzeug0k

Henry School
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhy4Z_32kQo&lc=z12av3hgurvuin2lo225gphqhwysj5lft

exurb1a
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhy4Z_32kQo&lc=z135gzlznojtjzitt23rxl1zmzi0gx3ha04

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Was an incredible drop in entropy responsible for the Big Bang? If that’s the case, this would lead us to conclude that a great many other things are possible, including the likelihood that you are a Boltzmann Brain. Try The Great Courses Plus at http://ow.ly/4anY30acloO

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Previous Episode:
The Oh My God Particle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osvOr5wbkUw

The second Law of Thermodynamics tells us that everything moves towards a state of greater entropy, but it is low entropy that enables galaxies, stars, planets and human beings. The lowest entropy state that we’re aware of in our universe was right before the Big Bang. The entirety of our own universe was condensed to a microscopic size. What caused this extreme low entropy? If it was caused by a random fluctuation in particles that implies that a great many other things are possible due to the random fluctuations of particles. One of the strangest of those possibilities is that of the Boltzmann Brain. If the Big Bang was caused by random entropic fluctuations then it is much more likely you are a Boltzmann Brain than that you are a human being.

Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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In 1991 a single atomic nucleus slammed into our atmosphere with the intensity of a macroscopic object. It’s been named The Oh-My-God particle. Get your first two months of CuriosityStream free by going to http://curiositystream.com/spacetime and using the promo code “spacetime”.

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Referenced Videos:
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tCMd1ytvWg

Previous Episode:
Telescopes on the Moon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHjiXTlFSSM

Cosmic rays aren’t actually rays at all, but atomic nuclei traveling at close to the speed of light. Typically they are low in energy and are easily deflected by other particles, but on rare occasions an incredibly powerful atomic nuclei strikes the Earth’s surface. The largest of these was the Oh My God Particle.

Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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Comments answered by Matt:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHjiXTlFSSM&lc=z13vt3nb3ybdg3ok223kwrmq3nvyv3eyk04

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHjiXTlFSSM&lc=z120zr0rfyi4c335i04cd3sr2wahunehijc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHjiXTlFSSM&lc=z13as1sgjrn1vjb1122yubbjpujodtbua

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHjiXTlFSSM&lc=z12lhfop2y3hitytz23ien34snzztvng104

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Florian Stinglmayr
Yubo Du
Benoit Pagé-Guitard
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Nathan Leniz
Jessica Fraley
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Carl P. Corliss
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If you missed it on April 1st – Here’s the new Space Time Theme Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EG3SjurCgrA

Referenced Videos:
Telescopes of Tomorrow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CoQE5J346mU

Previous Episode:
How Time Becomes Space Inside a Black Hole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KePNhUJ2reI

Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Alexandra Yep and Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Graphics by Grayson Blackmon
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Comments answered by Matt:
Feynstein 100
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KePNhUJ2reI&lc=z13bd5eqysauzh04104cgtoghljatf0isjs

NuclearCraft Mod
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KePNhUJ2reI&lc=z13dxviqgsuifduxh04cebjzdxyicl2pthw

AntiTwister – Reddit Thread –
https://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime/comments/62exk3/how_time_becomes_space_inside_a_black_hole/

Nezar Chahdi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KePNhUJ2reI&lc=z12xwrmiepethnkkx22dxjmqfzuyyrj3f

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