Dark Flow

August 2nd, 2017

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Why does the universe seem to be moving in one particular direction?

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The Secrets of Feynman Diagrams
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Space is not static. Everything moves. Planets orbit stars, stars orbit within galaxies, galaxies whirl within the gravitational fields of giant clusters. And of course, the universe is expanding; distant galaxies are thrust apart from each other as the space between them grows. But there’s no preferred direction to any of this motion. Motion due to the expansion of the universe – what we call the Hubble flow – is equal in all directions. The random motion of galaxies – what we call their peculiar motion – should also have no preferred direction. On the largest scales of the universe, there should be no preference for up or down or left or right. At least that’s what we thought. Observations of the cosmic microwave background suggest that the galaxy clusters across the cosmos may be moving, ever so slightly, towards the same point beyond the cosmic horizon. We call this dark flow.

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Comments answer by Matt:

VacuumDiagrams
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fG52mXN-uWI&lc=z12mir3gvw20gxvnq23md5ipdy2xvb33y

Samuel Benda
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fG52mXN-uWI&lc=z12vgjnosweevr1kw22oct0jfwugib4pu04

JoJoModding
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Squid Master
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fG52mXN-uWI&lc=z123ynkp0m3uhhr4h04cjvxwpkvyvvmo2ek

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Posted in Physics |

The Secrets of Feynman Diagrams

July 27th, 2017

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Unlock the secrets of Feynman Diagrams. Part 5 in our Quantum Field Theory series. And if you’re submitting an answer to our challenge question email your answer by August 2nd to pbsspacetime [AT] gmail.com with the subject line “Feynman Diagram Challenge.”

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Previous Episode:
The Real Star Wars
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8shnjlGwmg

Feynman’s path integral shows us that, to properly calculate the probability of a particle traveling from point A to point B, we need to add up the contributions from all conceivable paths between those points – including the impossible paths! In fact we can go even further: according to Feynman’s approach, every conceivable happening that leads from a measured initial state to a measured final state DOES in a sense happen. To calculate the probability of any quantum system evolving from one state into any other state we need to sum over every conceivable intermediate state. This is impossible because there are infinite possible intermediate states.

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Comments answer by Matt:

Superphilipp
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8shnjlGwmg&lc=z13act14kwqcvv2nn22muvvztxqnjjryt04

Lewinham
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Myrmidon
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Sure people love Star Wars. But I think they missed a golden opportunity to call the project Ronald Ray-gun.

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Posted in Physics |

The Real Star Wars

July 20th, 2017

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Anti-Satellite weaponry, giant X-ray lasers and kinetic impact missiles nicknamed the “Rods from God.” Find out about the history of the real star wars that have been waged over the past 50 years. Get a one month trial of The Great Courses Plus at http://ow.ly/e5be30beNu3

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Previous Episode:
Solving the Impossible in Quantum Field Theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQ1WZ-eJW8Y

The decades directly following World War II were a time of optimism in many ways. Industrialization was finally improving quality of life for a lot of us, science was making incredible bounds, and our sights were set on the stars. It seemed to many that we were on a trajectory to a space-faring technological utopia. The United Federation of Planets was just around the corner. But the possibility of a much darker space age also loomed: one in which the space around the Earth became highly militarized, and in fact massively weaponized.

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Comments answer by Matt:

RosieisaBoss
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQ1WZ-eJW8Y&lc=z12wdnazlyb0dtblw22fhbgb4lmrvfrle

Nicholas Aiello
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Zach Crawford
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NuclearCraft Mod
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OnlyNameLeftHere
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Posted in Physics |

Solving the Impossible in Quantum Field Theory

July 12th, 2017

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How do you calculate infinite quantum outcomes? Feynman Diagrams. Get your first two months of Curiosity Stream for free by going https://curiositystream.com/spacetime and using the promo code “spacetime” at sign up.

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Previous Episode:
Feynman’s Infinite Quantum Paths
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSFRN-ymfgE

The equations of quantum field theory allow us to calculate the behaviour of subatomic particles by expressing them as vibrations in quantum fields. But even the most elegant and complete formulations of quantum physics – like the Dirac equation or Feynman’s path integral – become impossibly complicated when we try to use them on anything but the most simple systems. But physicists tend to interpret “that’s impossible” as “I dare you to try!” And try they did. First they expressed these impossible equations in approximate but solvable forms. Then they tackled the pesky infinities that kept appearing in these new, approximate equations. Finally, the entire mess was ordered into a system that mere humans could deal using the famous Feynman diagrams.

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Comments answer by Matt:

Christian Haas
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSFRN-ymfgE&lc=z132vnrhvkq1d3wbi04cdvewopzqjhtidn40k

Psy Kosh
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lohphat
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSFRN-ymfgE&lc=z123gzmhdyezideg504chbuy2rnne1tjx5c

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Posted in Physics |

Feynman’s Infinite Quantum Paths

July 7th, 2017

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How to predict the path of a quantum particle. Part 3 in our Quantum Field Theory Series.

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Previous Episode:
The First Quantum Field Theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATcrrzJFtBY

There is a fundamental limit to the knowability of the universe. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle tells us that the more precisely we try to define one property, the less definable is its counterpart. Knowing a particle’s location perfectly means its velocity is unknowable. But unmeasured properties are not just uncertain; they are undefined. Quantum mechanics seems to imply that ALL possible properties, paths, or events that could reasonably occur between measurements DO occur. Whether or not this is true, a mathematical description of this crazy idea led to the most powerful expression of quantum mechanics ever devised: Richard Feynman’s path integral formulation.

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Comments answer by Matt:

Satya Prakash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATcrrzJFtBY&lc=z12bv5hpgoyadn20522zfvo5eur2vftyy04

Jakub Mintal
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The EEZZ
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Lazarus The adventurer
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ForTiorI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATcrrzJFtBY&lc=z123hrop2tmlhnx1l23fdznq4q24ft4iw04

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Posted in Physics |

The First Quantum Field Theory

June 28th, 2017

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Quantum Electrodynamics is the first true Quantum Field Theory. Part 2 in our series on Quantum Field Theory. Signup for your free trial to The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/D0Ne30beNrn

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Previous Episode:
Anti-Matter and Quantum Field Theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYkaahzFWfo

Quantum mechanics is perhaps the most unintuitive theory ever devised. And yet it’s also the most successful, in terms of sheer predictive power. Simply by following the math of quantum mechanics, incredible discoveries have been made. Its wild success tells us that the mathematical description provided by quantum mechanics reflects deep truths about reality. And by far the most successful, most predictive formulation of quantum mechanics is quantum field theory. It is our best description we have of the fundamental workings of reality. And the first part of quantum field theory that was derived – quantum electrodynamics – is the most precise, most accurate of all.

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Comments answer by Matt:
Feynstein 100
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYkaahzFWfo&lc=z131sffqsqqcfxaai04cgtoghljatf0isjs

Vacuum Diagrams
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYkaahzFWfo&lc=z12is3mb3oj2evimc23md5ipdy2xvb33y

Norbert Laskowski
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYkaahzFWfo&lc=z13pgnpporizujnxn04cgrkr5vedjxmz3rc0k

Christian Haas
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYkaahzFWfo&lc=z13rdjbjiseovl2tn22iur55jxnvifmgt04

John LaBrie
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYkaahzFWfo&lc=z13dtlmqjoesypdgk04cin3jmzmosjpplcw

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Posted in Physics |

Anti-Matter and Quantum Relativity

June 21st, 2017

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Paul Dirac’s insights into the nature of Quantum Mechanics laid the foundation for Quantum Field Theory and predicted the existence of anti-matter. Part 1 in our series on Quantum Field Theory. Try Skillshare at http://skl.sh/spacetime

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Book recommendations:
The Quantum Divide, by Christopher Gerry & Kimberley Bruno
The Character of Physical Law, by Richard Feynman

Previous Episode:
Supervoids vs Colliding Universes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrS0rxX-UhA

It’s 1928. Over the past quarter century, the greatest geniuses of the modern era discovered the two keys to the fundamental nature of reality. Einstein’s theories of special and general relativity had changed forever the way we think of motion, space, and time. And the emerging field of quantum mechanics had radically altered our understanding of the fundamental building blocks of the universe. Yet this year one brilliant insight would bring these theories together and unveil the quantum fabric of reality. It would also predict the existence of antimatter.

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Comments answered by Matt:

Sourcedrop
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrS0rxX-UhA&lc=z12fglgxiqyuzroqx04cjly40pboiddbqt40k

Vhsjpdfg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrS0rxX-UhA&lc=z13jylhxnpqzwjt5s04cehcilubxjvaoqp40k

Galdo145
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrS0rxX-UhA&lc=z135j5141pmhv1yop04cfdcjmojfgnbqznw0k

Pradhyumn
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrS0rxX-UhA&lc=z122hjuyfybrxpr3a22vctvxhkeahfmwq04

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Posted in Physics |

Supervoids vs Colliding Universes!

June 7th, 2017

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Could the mysterious Cold Spot found in the CMB be the result of a collision with a bubble universe? Try 23andMe at http://23andme.com/spacetime
____________________________________________________

[CORRECTION: The calculated ISW cooling from cold spot observed voids is 0.000032 Kelvin not 0.032 K as is listed on screen, the actual cold spot temperature differential is 0.000150 Kelvin not 0.15 K, and the actual ISW cooling from the control region is 0.000014 Kelvin not 0.014 K. The actual control region temperature differential is 0.000015 Kelvin not 0.015K. Thanks to Chris Morong for catching this discrepancy!]

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The Fate of the First Stars
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Space Time Journal Club examines Evidence Against a Supervoid Causing the CMB Cold Spot
https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.03814

If you study a map of the Cosmic Microwave Background, or CMB, you may notice a large, deep blue splotch on the lower right. This area, creatively named the Cold Spot. Is this feature a statistical fluke, the signature of vast supervoids, or even the imprint of another universe?

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Resources:
Local Voids as the Origin of Large Scale CMB Anomalies
https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0602478

Watching Worlds Collide
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1475-7516/2009/04/025

Comments answer by Matt:

Fjellreven
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pSUtWBiuB4&lc=z12cydr5qvbsjpnja04cftmasve4uz1os40

yeme
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pSUtWBiuB4&lc=z13xstcqcwzetxvqr04cef3haoapz1oiork0k

myky992
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pSUtWBiuB4&lc=z12rtll43pybfnifk23tjftzhnb2xd023

Andrew Wright
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pSUtWBiuB4&lc=z12svntwkwumv1n3l23mzlvomtr2zfjtg

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Posted in Physics |

The Fate of the First Stars

May 31st, 2017

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Population III stars were the very first stars in our universe and far larger than any we can see today. Where are they now? Start your Audible trial today at http://www.audible.com/spacetime

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Previous Episode:
Martian Evolution
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Soon after the Big Bang, the first generation of monstrously large stars ignited, lit up the universe, and then died. The resulting swarms of supernova explosions enriched the universe with the first heavy elements and LOTs of black holes. They shaped everything that came after. These were the stars of Population III, and they are one of the most enduring mysteries in astrophysics.

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Comments answer by Matt:

Better & Better
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLR_a1MAy9I&lc=z123w5aomzqign4em23th3ejwkepcfhiv04

Matt b
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Peregrin O’Connor
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Saleem Says
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David Webster
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Nathan Leniz
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Loro Lukic
Carl P. Corliss
Brandon labonte
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Greg Weiss
Eric Jackson

Posted in Physics |

The Great American Eclipse

May 10th, 2017

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE

The first total solar eclipse in over 40 years is about to hit the United States. Get 15% off your next purchase at https://www.legalzoom.com/spacetime. LegalZoom is not a law firm or a substitute for the advice of an attorney. And be sure to check out Vanessa Hill’s documentary Mutant Menu https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrDM6Ic2xMM

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Previous Episode:
Ancestor SImulations with Neil deGrasse Tyson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58

Get your eclipse glasses ready because the a total solar eclipse is an astronomical event unlike any other.

Written by Alexandra Yep and Matt O’Dowd
Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Graphics by Kurt Ross
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Comments answered by Matt:

Skiwi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z130cjxjkvbbv1vmq22uzdyhyoqthlhxa04

Bubbles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z134sddyfzfjwfjeq22kzb2wrmundt4la

Shiva Rajbhandari
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z134fnfpvlzpurfux23gfnfr5kbcjjcjr04

Jason 5499 5499
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z12vttuy0lups1b5q04cijiz2sbkjh1ydmc0k

CYN MMA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z12dipegnm2jsbvxc04cjvjjlkektdi5wfc

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Posted in Physics |

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