How an argument between Einstein and Bohr changed quantum mechanics forever.

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Thank you to Dr Adam Becker for his help with this video – check out his book here https://ve42.co/WhatReal

And special thanks to Thierry Avignon, Benjamin Vest, and Lionel Jacubowiez of the Institut d’Optique Graduate School – Laboratoire d’Enseignement Expérimental (LEnsE)

Correction:
30:53 Electrons and Positrons not Protons

▀▀▀
0:00 The Speed of Gravity
3:07 Spooky Action at a Distance
5:21 The Copenhagen Interpretation
9:12 The EPR Paradox and Hidden Variables
17:25 Einstein vs Bohr
20:51 John Bell and Entanglement
22:14 Bell’s Theorem
29:30 The Bell Inequality Test
33:41 The Most Misunderstood Experiment in Physics
35:06 The Locality Problem
40:37 The Many-Worlds Interpretation

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References:
Adam Becker (2018). What is Real?. Basic Civitas Books – ve42.co/WhatReal
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox via Wikipedia – ve42.co/EPRWiki
Einstein, A. et al. (1935). Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?. American Physical Society (APS) – ve42.co/EPR
Solvay Conference via Wikipedia – ve42.co/SolvayConf
Owen Willans Richardson Photo Galley via nobelprize.org – ve42.co/SolvayPhoto
Bohr-Einstein debates via Wikipedia – ve42.co/BohrEinDeb
Bacciagaluppi, G and Valentini, A (2009). Quantum Theory at the Crossroads. Cambridge University Press – ve42.co/Crossroads
Bohr, N. (1935). Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?. American Physical Society (APS) – ve42.co/BohrResp
The Solvay Conference via rarehistoricalphotos.com – ve42.co/SolvayImg
Kragh, H. (2022). Chemists Without Knowing It?. Firenze University Press – ve42.co/BhorsConferenceImg
Einstein Attacks Quantum Theory. The New York Times via nytimes.com – ve42.co/EinsteinAttackQT
Oral History Interviews via repository.aip.org – ve42.co/BohrInterview

Images & Video:
Image and video references can be found here – https://ve42.co/BellsImRefs

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

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Writers: Mithuna Yoganathan, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer & Director: Mithuna Yoganathan
Editor: Spencer Wright
Camera Operators: Mithuna Yoganathan, Derek Muller and Maxime Beauquesne
Animators: Alex Drakoulis, Fabio Albertelli, Emma Wright, Andrew Neet and Peter Nelson
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek, Katheryn Chan, Grace Nemanic, Isaac McCree and Natalky Zhuk
Assistant Editor: James Stuart
Researchers: Gabe Strong and Sophia Long
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Katy Southwood, Josh Pitt, Anna Milkovic and Matthew Cavanagh
Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Notes

*When we show the Stern Gerlach experiment we’ve chosen to flip the polarity of the machine when measuring a positron. This is because both its spin and charge should oppose the electron’s. This would mean both would bend in the same direction! We’re interested in seeing the difference in the spins so we flip the machine to make this clearer.

**We show curved spacetime using Flamm’s Parabaloid, which we discovered is controversial, more notes on that here – https://ve42.co/HBDFlamm

In 1971, 15 year old Ronnie Johnson of Delphos, Kansas was feeding his sheep when a UFO came down and temporarily paralyzed him. The UFO left a glowing radioactive circle which caused permanent numbness when touched. I interviewed Ronnie in the Spring of 2022. He had no idea I was coming. I knocked on his door and he granted me one of the most in depth interviews he has ever given on the topic. This is the true story of Ronnie Johnson and the UAP that he saw and was harmed by that day.

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How Paul Dirac uncovered the anti-universe. Sponsored by Hostinger – visit https://ve42.co/hostinger and use the code VERITASIUM to get an extra discount on top of the sale prices.

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A huge thank you to Graham Farmelo and Cumrun Vafa for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video.

A special thanks to Matteo Arfini for his help with this video.

Check out Graham Farmelo’s books here – https://grahamfarmelo.com/

Explore Cumrun Vafa’s research here – https://www.cumrunvafa.org/

Thank you also to Florida State University and Caltech for their fantastic archives.

You can find the digitized materials from the FSU’s Paul A. M. Dirac Collection here – https://ve42.co/FSUdirac – and more about the discovery of the positron here – https://ve42.co/CalispherePositron

▀▀▀
0:00 Can Negative Energy Exist?
3:27 The Schrödinger Equation Is Wrong
8:33 The Strangest Man In Physics
11:01 Dirac and the Klein-Gordon equation
17:27 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
20:54 The Dirac Equation
24:21 The Saddest Chapter in Modern Physics
26:35 The Anti-Electron
29:57 Antiparticles Travel Backwards In Time
31:24 The Anti-World

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References can be found here – https://ve42.co/DiracRefs

Image and video references can be found here – https://ve42.co/DiracVisuals

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Anupam Banerjee, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

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Writers: Lily Shepherd, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer & Director: Lily Shepherd
Editors: Jonny Lennard
Camera Operators: Casper Mebius
Animators: Andrew Neet, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli & Peter Nelson
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek & Nataly Zhuk
Assistant Editors: James Horsley & James Stuart
Researchers: Callum Cuttle & Sophia Rose
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Katy Southwood & Josh Pitt
Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

The ultimate Conquistador documentary collection. A full cinematic compilation of the most fascinating expeditions in world history. This feature-length video brings together Hernán Cortés, Francisco Pizarro, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, and Francisco de Orellana in one epic historical journey across the New World.

Travel with Cortés into the heart of Tenochtitlan and the fall of the Aztec Empire.
March with Pizarro into the Andes during the rise and fall of the Inca Empire.
Descend the Amazon River with Orellana in his impossible voyage across uncharted jungle.
Follow Cabeza de Vaca across 8 years of survival, living with Indigenous tribes after a shipwreck.
Sail with Columbus on his world-shifting first encounter with the Americas.
And join Magellan’s crew as they attempt the first circumnavigation of the Earth, facing mutiny, storms, and the unknown.

This compilation combines all of my biggest Conquistador episodes into one massive, immersive experience including vivid recreations, primary-source quotes, AI-enhanced imagery, and the full historical arc of Spain’s most ambitious (and brutal) explorers.

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Music by CO. AG

All sources and Bibliography for these videos are cited in the original videos on my channel.

00:00 Spanish vs Aztec: What They Didn’t Teach in School
33:01 Spanish vs Inca: Uncensored
1:03:36 Discovery of the Amazon
1:21:02 Giants of Patagonia
1:37:34 Greatest Survival Story in History
1:57:38 Columbus Discovers America

Journey into the oldest heroic story ever recorded on Earth – The Epic of Gilgamesh.
Based on the ancient Sumerian and Akkadian cuneiform tablets, this cinematic retelling follows Gilgamesh, the giant king of Uruk, and his wild companion Enkidu, as they battle monsters, confront the gods, challenge the Anunnaki, and search for the secret of immortality.
This story predates the Bible, predates Greek mythology, and stands as the earliest surviving epic in human history.
Discover the world of ancient Mesopotamia, the Cedar Forest, Humbaba, the Great Flood, Utnapishtim, and the mysterious plant of youth hidden beneath the waters.
This is the legend that shaped civilization – the journey of a giant king who tried to escape death itself.

Please consider joining my Members Only Channel. Check out my videos and see if anything catches your eye! 🙏🏻 – https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UUMOfD1izC-DAoTSm5LCbs4AIQ

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Sources: The Epic of Gilgamesh – https://archive.org/stream/TheEpicofGilgamesh_201606/eog_djvu.txt

Music by CO. AG
Phantom of the Flannans
From the darkness
I will awaken when the sun sleeps
Alone on Stage
Facing the Spirits
As the Sun sets at the Temple

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A huge thanks to Steven Strogatz, Mark Buchanan and Mark Newman for their time and expertise.

▀▀▀
CHAPTERS:
0:00 What is a power law?
4:31 Expected Values
8:49 The St. Petersburg Paradox
11:37 Outliers Dominate Averages
15:23 Fractals and Power Laws
19:28 Self-Organized Criticality
24:08 Why do we light controlled forest fires?
26:40 How We Can Predict Earthquakes
32:11 Critical Systems and Universality
36:31 How Some Businesses Are Built On Power Laws
39:30 What game are you playing? Normal or power?

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References: https://ve42.co/PowerLawsRefs

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Anupam Banerjee, armedtoe, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Hayden Christensen, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures & wolfee

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Writers – James Moore, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer & Director – James Moore
Presenters – Derek Muller & Casper Mebius
Editors – Jack Saxon & Peter Nelson
Animators – Fabio Albertelli, Emma Wright, Saif Javed & Andrew Neet
Additional Editor – James Stuart
Researchers – Aakash Singh Bagga & Callum Cuttle
Simulations – Aakash Singh Bagga
Thumbnail Designers – Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team – Josh Pitt, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovic & Katy Southwood
Executive Producers – Derek Muller & Casper Mebius

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Learn more at https://www.rebellionaire.com/farzad

We’re breaking down the big Tesla shifts happening right now — FSD 14.2 progress, Arizona’s autonomy approval, the rise of physical AI, home vs factory robots, and what Tesla’s next era really looks like. Live analysis, fresh angles, and what it all means heading into 2026.

Rebellionaire is a brand of Halter Ferguson Financial. https://www.hffinancial.com/disclaimer

As of November 25th, 2025, clients and employees of our firm Halter Ferguson Financial own Tesla and Lemonade Inc. stock and/or options and thereby stand to materially benefit from a rise in the share price. Past performance is no assurance of future results. Halter Ferguson Financial, Inc. (“Halter Ferguson Financial”) is a registered investment adviser with its principal place of business in the State of Indiana. A complete list of all recommendations will be provided if requested for the preceding period of not less than one year. It should not be assumed that recommendations made in the future will be profitable or will equal the performance of the securities in this list. Opinions expressed are those of Halter Ferguson Financial, Inc. and are subject to change, not guaranteed and should not be considered recommendations to buy or sell any security.

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I worked at Tesla starting from 2017 thru 2021. I spent most of my time in the distribution and supply chain organizations in leadership positions.

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I have been a shareholder of Tesla since 2012 and currently own Tesla stock. Nothing I say constitutes as investment or financial advice.

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Why does superglue always stick to your hands and never what you want it to?

And how strong is it really?