Step aboard the ships of Christopher Columbus and witness the history as he and others that participated wrote themselves.

This Cinematic History video retraces all four voyages across the Atlantic, drawn directly from the journals and letters of Columbus and others aboard. From the triumph of 1492 to shipwreck.

As storms, starvation, and rebellion closed in, Columbus claimed a blood moon prophecy foretold by God would save him and it did. This is not the textbook version. This is the story in his own words that shaped the Age of Exploration. His Voyages started the era of the Spanish Conquistadors.

Some parts of this video will be disturbing. Viewer discretion is advised.

This is the the true story of Christopher Columbus’s Four Voyages, the Blood Moon Prophecy, and the Birth of the New World.

Buy a Map/my Book with this link Thanks for all the support! – https://linktr.ee/incredhistory

Sources/Bibliography:

Columbus probably Spanish and Jewish, study says – https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg2049ezpko.amp

Christopher Columbus, “Journal of the First Voyage of Columbus,”
in Journal of Christopher Columbus (during his first voyage, 1492-
93), and Documents Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and
Gaspar Corte Real, edited and translated by Clements R. Markham
(London: Hakluyt Society, 1893), 15-193.

The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus
by his son Ferdinand

Michele de Cuneo’s Letter on the Second Voyage

Conquistador Voices by Kevin Siepel

Music by CO.AG

Wonderful Things

Project 1 Tundra Ice Ambient Sound

Time to start again Extended Mix

02 The Edge of Silence

I will Awaken when the sun sleeps

That Mindset

Wonderful Things

Do the Lies you told seem shameful

Here’s what happens when you just keep zooming in.

What is the Buga Sphere?

• The Buga Sphere refers to a metallic, spherical object reportedly recovered in early 2025 near Buga, Colombia.
• It became famous because of unusual claims about its appearance, internal structure, physical behavior, inscriptions on its surface, and possible anomalous properties.

---

Key Claims & Reported Properties

Here are the main features attributed to the sphere—some based on laboratory or field reports, many still under dispute.

Feature	What is claimed
External Appearance	~50 cm in diameter (about the size of a large basketball), metallic orb; no visible welds or joints; surface etched with symbols resembling ancient scripts (runes, Ogham, Mesopotamian-style) as well as geometric/circuit-like patterns.
Internal Structure	Multiple layers (three concentric shells), 18 smaller “microspheres” arranged around a central core (“chip”); embedded filament- or fiber-like materials; copper or copper-rich pins/contacts associated with wiring/optical-fiber‐like connections internally.
Physical/Material Properties	Alloy composition that resembles aluminum-based alloys but with unusual hardness; claims that the material does not match known standard aerospace or industrial metals.
Behavioral Anomalies	Weight allegedly changed: initially ~4.5 lb (≈2 kg), later reports say it increased significantly over time. Claims of electromagnetic or ionized field emissions. Reports (in some accounts) of water vaporizing upon contact and the object remaining cool to touch on the surface despite internal heat.
Other Phenomena	Reports that the area around where it landed experienced ecological effects (e.g. vegetation dying, soil moisture changes); claims it responds to or interacts in some way with sound, including Sanskrit mantras.

Current Evidence vs. Unverified / Disputed Claims

Many of the more extraordinary claims have not been verified via peer-reviewed scientific publications—or are dependent on reports with uncertain provenance. Some things to note:

• Some physical analyses (X-rays, spectroscopic work, microscopy) have been reported. These suggest internal structures (microspheres, wiring/fiber-like materials). But the exact nature, function, and origin of these components are not settled.
• The weight-change claims, field effects (electromagnetic, ecological), and the idea that it responds to Sanskrit chants or specific sound frequencies are more speculative. Many of these are based on anecdotal reports, viral videos, or interviews, rather than controlled experiments published in scientific literature.
• Some sources are less rigorous, or possibly sensationalistic. The involvement of individuals or groups with previous UFO / exotic claims means that independent verification is especially important. Skeptics point out that extraordinary claims require very strong evidence.

---

What Would Need to Be Confirmed / Verified

To move from mystery to accepted scientific phenomenon, several things would need to happen:

1. Independent Peer-Reviewed Publication
   Clear lab studies published in respected journals, replicable by multiple labs, with full disclosure of methods, data, materials.
2. Precise Material Analysis
   Full compositional breakdown of the metal/alloy, hardness, crystalline structure, microstructure, etc. Comparisons with known terrestrial alloys, or indications of novel materials.
3. Verification of Internal Structures
   Using non-destructive (and, if necessary, destructive under controlled permits) tests to map internal wiring, microspheres, and any active components. Distinguishing engineered features from natural inclusions.
4. Controlled Testing of Anomalous Properties
   If weight changes occur, or electromagnetic fields are emitted, or water vaporizes on contact, these need to be measured under repeatable, controlled conditions to rule out environmental interference, measurement error, or misinterpretation.
5. Provenance / Chain of Custody
   Where and when exactly it was found, by whom, how preserved, whether samples (resin, organic material) have been contaminated, etc.
6. Alternative Hypotheses
   Ruling out more mundane explanations: advanced terrestrial technology (military or experimental), space debris, industrial objects, hoaxes, weather effects, etc.

---

Skepticism & Criticisms

• Some experts urge caution, saying that many features could be manufactured or faked, particularly given the media attention and potential for viral hoaxes. For example, the surface symbols may be decorative or imitative rather than linguistic; repeatedly, it is noted that the materials and craft described (e.g. fiber optics, internal cores) might be explainable through secret or experimental human engineering.
• The claims about responses to sound, Sanskrit mantras, or ecological “dead zones” are weaker: often anecdotal, harder to reproduce under scientific controls. Some may be misinterpretations, or effects of environmental conditions rather than something magical or alien.
• Extraordinary claims (anti-gravity, negative mass, etc.) are very high bar; presently they are not supported by data accepted broadly in physics. Without sound measurements and independent verification, they remain speculative.

---

Conclusion: What Can We Reasonably Say Now

• The Buga Sphere is a compelling and mysterious object. If some of its reported features (internal structure, unusual hardness, lack of welds/joints) are confirmed under robust testing, it would be unusual—possibly unique.
• However, many of the more sensational claims (ancient origin, supernatural or alien functionality, response to chants, etc.) are so far unverified in rigorous scientific literature. They should be treated as provisional.
• It remains uncertain whether the object is human or non-human in origin, natural or engineered, modern or ancient. Without more transparent, peer-reviewed analysis, the default scientific stance will be one of skepticism tempered by interest.

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Does quantum mechanics allow the future to retroactively influence the past, as in the infamous delayed choice quantum eraser experiment? How about we get an actual quantum physicist–who many of you already know–to show us how to do this experiment at home, and hopefully set this matter to rest.

Check Out Looking Glass Universe:
https://www.youtube.com/@LookingGlassUniverse

And Check Out Matt’s Conversation with Mithuna
https://youtu.be/QPuVtvIOYcM?si=TQovlQ6kW_6PPxKy

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd & Mithuna Yoganathan
Written by Mithuna Yoganathan & Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producer: Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2025 PBS. All rights reserved.

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka

Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By:

Big Bang
Alexander Tamas
David Paryente
Juan Benet
Mark Rosenthal
Morgan Hough
Peter Barrett
Santiago
Tj Steyn
Vinnie Falco

Supernova
Ethan Cohen
Glenn Sugden
Grace Biaelcki
Mark Heising
Stephen Wilcox
Tristan Lucian Claudius Aurelius Tyacke

Hypernova
Alex Kern
Ben Delo
Cal Stephens
chuck zegar
David Giltinan
Dean Galvin
Donal Botkin
Gregory Forfa
Jesse Cid Dyer
John R. Slavik
Justin Lloyd
Kenneth See
Massimiliano Pala
Michael Tidwell
Mike Purvis
Paul Stehr-Green
Scott Gorlick
Scott Gray
Spencer Jones
Stephen Saslow
Thomas Mouton
Zachary Haberman
Антон Кочков
Daniel Muzquiz

Gamma Ray Burst
Aaron Pinto
Adrien Molyneux
Almog Cohen
Anthony Leon
Arko Provo Mukherjee
Ayden Miller
Ben McIntosh
Bradley Jenkins
Bradley Ulis
Brandon Lattin
Brian Cook
Bryan White
Chris Liao
Christopher Wade
Chuck Lukaszewski
Collin Dutrow
Craig Falls
Craig Stonaha
Dan Warren
Daniel Donahue
Daniel Jennings
Daron Woods
Darrell Stewart
David Johnston
Doyle Vann
Eric Kiebler
Eric Raschke
Eric Schrenker
Faraz Khan
Frederic Simon
Harsh Khandhadia
Ian Williams
Isaac Suttell
James Trimmier
Jeb Campbell
Jeremy Soller
Jerry Thomas
jim bartosh
John Anderson
John De Witt
John Funai
John H. Austin, Jr.
John591
Joseph Salomone
Junaid Ali
Kacper Cieśla
Kane Holbrook
Keith Pasko
Kent Durham
Koen Wilde
Kyle Atkinson
Marcelo Garcia
Marion Lang
Mark Daniel Cohen
Mark Delagasse
Matt Kaprocki
Matthew Johnson
Michael Barton
Michael Clark
Michael Lev
Michael Purcell
Nathaniel Bennett
Nick Hoffenstoffer III
Nicolas Katsantonis
Paul Wood
Rad Antonov
Reuben Brewer
Richard Steenbergen
Robert DeChellis
Ross Story
Russell Moore
SamSword
Sandhya Devi
Satwik Pani
Sean Owen
Shane Calimlim
SilentGnome
Sound Reason
Steffen Bendel
Steven Giallourakis
Terje Vold
Thomas Dougherty
Tomaz Lovsin
Tybie Fitzhugh
Vlad Shipulin
William Flinn
WILLIAM HAY III
Zac Sweers

The Spanish Conquest of Peru is one of the most incredible stories in History, and yet Hollywood refuses to make movies about it. The Spanish Conquistadors hiked over mountain passes, through deserts, jungles, and sailed oceans to reach Cusco, the Capital of the Inca Empire. Coming at the perfect time during the height of the Civil War, Fransisco Pizarro would end up conquering the Inca Empire. This is the the true story told by those who were there to witness it.

Support my work and Buy a Map or my book! 🙏🏻 Please use my link so I can get credit for your purchase – https://linktr.ee/incredhistory

Please consider joining my Members only channel to enjoy Exclusive video content for only $5 a month! 🙌 – https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UUMOfD1izC-DAoTSm5LCbs4AIQ

Bibliography –

Kevin Siepel – Conquistador Voices

Pedro de Cieza de León’s The Discovery and Conquest of Peru: Chronicles of the New World Encounter

Pedro Pizarro’s Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru

Artist – CO.AG

Songs

Underwater inspired by Taboo

Somehow life just passed me by

Death is my Welcome friend

Wonderful Things

I am Lost

The time that is left is going to destroy my world

Wade into the quiet of the stream

Then the ice came

Will Curiosities outweigh your fear?

Frozen in Darkness Coldlood

Frozen in Darkness We begin

Village of the Damned

Not a Big enough world

Darkness Awaits

Ambient Soundscapes the Edge of Silence 06

That Mindset

From Heaven

The story of a controversial physics question on the qualifying exam for the 2014 US Physics Olympiad team. How does a uniform cable beneath a helicopter hang?

Click this link: https://www.boot.dev/?promo=spacetime and use my code SPACETIME to get 25% off your first payment for boot.dev

Recent findings have brought us closer than we’ve ever been to confirming life beyond the Earth. As we wait for confirmation or otherwise, let’s think about what this will tell us about life everywhere, and also about our own imminent destruction.

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producer: Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2025 PBS. All rights reserved.

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka

Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By:

Big Bang
Alexander Tamas
Juan Benet
Mark Rosenthal
Morgan Hough
Peter Barrett
Tj Steyn
Vinnie Falco

Supernova
Ethan Cohen
Glenn Sugden
Grace Biaelcki
Mark Heising
Stephen Wilcox
Tristan Lucian Claudius Aurelius Tyacke

Hypernova
Alex Kern
Ben Delo
Cal Stephens
chuck zegar
David Giltinan
Dean Galvin
Donal Botkin
Gregory Forfa
Jesse Cid Dyer
John R. Slavik
Justin Lloyd
Kenneth See
Massimiliano Pala
Michael Tidwell
Mike Purvis
Paul Stehr-Green
Scott Gorlick
Scott Gray
Spencer Jones
Stephen Saslow
Stephen Spidle
Thomas Mouton
Zachary Haberman
Антон Кочков
Daniel Muzquiz

Gamma Ray Burst
Alex Gan
Aaron Pinto
Adrien Molyneux
Almog Cohen
Anthony Leon
Arko Provo Mukherjee
Ayden Miller
Ben McIntosh
Bradley Jenkins
Bradley Ulis
Brandon Lattin
Brian Cook
Bryan White
Christopher Wade
Chuck Lukaszewski
Collin Dutrow
Craig Falls
Craig Stonaha
Dan Warren
Daniel Donahue
Daniel Jennings
Daron Woods
Darrell Stewart
David Johnston
Diana S Poljar
Doyle Vann
Eric Kiebler
Eric Raschke
Faraz Khan
Frederic Simon
Harsh Khandhadia
Ian Williams
Isaac Suttell
James Trimmier
Jeb Campbell
Jeremy Soller
Jerry Thomas
jim bartosh
John Anderson
John De Witt
John Funai
John H. Austin, Jr.
Joseph Salomone
Junaid Ali
Justin Waters
Kacper Cieśla
Kane Holbrook
Keith Pasko
Kent Durham
Koen Wilde
Kurt Gottselig
Lori Ferris
Marcelo Garcia
Marion Lang
Mark Daniel Cohen
Mark Delagasse
Matt Quinn
Matthew Johnson
Michael Barton
Michael Clark
Michael Lev
Michael Purcell
Nathaniel Bennett
Nick Hoffenstoffer III
Nicolas Katsantonis
Param Saxena
Paul Wood
Rad Antonov
Reuben Brewer
Richard Steenbergen
Robert DeChellis
Ross Story
Russell Moore
Sandhya Devi
Satwik Pani
Sean Owen
Shane Calimlim
SilentGnome
Sound Reason
Steffen Bendel
Steven Giallourakis
Terje Vold
Thomas Dougherty
Todd J Lerner
Tomaz Lovsin
Tybie Fitzhugh
Vlad Shipulin
WILLIAM HAY III
Zac Sweers

The beautiful math behind six degrees of separation. Sponsored by Incogni – use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off.

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates – https://ve42.co/Newsletter

To play around with the simulations in the video, you can follow these links:
Disease spreading – https://www.veritasium.com/simulation2
Preferential attachment – https://ve42.co/barabasiAlbertSim

▀▀▀
A huge thank you to:
Duncan Watts, for creating the small-world model that inspired this video and expanding on his further work; Steve Strogatz, for telling the story with such clarity & humour; Albert-László Barabási, for revealing the the inevitability and impact of hubs; Mark Buchanan, for his insightful takeaways that pulled it all together.

Check out Duncan Watts’ books here – https://www.amazon.com/Six-Degrees-Science-Connected-Age/dp/0393325423
Check out Mark Buchanan’s book here – https://ve42.co/bookNexusWorlds

▀▀▀
Chapters:
0:00 What is six degrees of separation?
4:23 Network Shortcuts
7:11 The Strength of Weak Ties
8:20 Proving it’s a small world
10:39 How quickly can disease spread?
12:36 Strogatz goes viral
16:59 What is a network hub?
18:23 Preferential Attachment
23:38 The Prisoner’s Dilemma
28:22 Your behavior can change the world’s

▀▀▀
References can be found here – https://ve42.co/networksRefs

Image and video references can be found here – https://ve42.co/networksVisuals

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Anupam Banerjee, Gnare, Ibby Hadeed, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, Lee Redden, Meekay, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Ubiquity Ventures, Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, gpoly, Jeromy Johnson, KeyWestr, Kyi, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Robert Oliveira, Tj Steyn & wolfee

▀▀▀
Writers: James Moore, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Producer & Director: James Moore
Editors: Peter Nelson & Jack Saxon
Camera Operators: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius
Animators: Andrew Neet, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli & Ivy Tello
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek
Assistant Editor: James Stuart
Researchers: Callum Cuttle, Aakash Singh Bagga & Gabe Strong
Simulations: Callum Cuttle, Gabe Strong & Ivy Tello
Sound Designers: Pavle Peric & James Stuart
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley & Ben Powell
Production Team: Josh Pitt, Nicola Griffiths & Rob Beasley Spence
Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Discover the explosive story of Alfred Nobel. Sponsored by Opera – Upgrade your browsing experience with Opera today. Download it right here: https://opr.as/Opera-browser-veritasium

If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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CORRECTIONS:
30:36 The molecular chain we showed here when talking about cellulose was actually starch, the glycosidic bonds should be bent (beta) not straight (alpha) bonds – Thank you to someriversong1793 for spotting this
37:38 The animation shows the casing flying away with the bullet, this is incorrect, only the bullet accelerates down the barrel like that – Thank you to kettusnuhveli for pointing this out

▀▀▀
A huge thank you to Jesse Taylor for making the demonstrations possible and sharing his experience with us!

And a big thanks to Dr. Katharine Tibbets, Dr. Julien Glorian & Sabrina DePiero for their expertise and participation in this video.

Also thanks to Steven Johnson, author of The Infernal Machine (as featured on 99% Invisible) and to Jonah Sachs and professor Terry Reynolds for their help on the project

▀▀▀
0:00 The Nobel Armament Factory
4:18 Gunpowder vs Nitroglycerine
10:58 How safe is nitroglycerin?
14:50 Blast Caps
19:09 Why does nitroglycerin explode on impact?
22:19 The invention of dynamite
26:56 Dynamite vs TNT
27:53 Explosive Cotton – Gelignite
32:43 The Merchant of Death
35:42 Smokeless Guns
38:04 The Birth of Terror
42:08 Why did Nobel start the prize?
43:11 What happened to Nobel?

▀▀▀
References: https://ve42.co/NobelRefs

Images & Video: https://ve42.co/NobelImRefs

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Anupam Banerjee, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

▀▀▀
Writer, Director & Producer: Henry van Dyck
Presenters: Derek Muller & Henry van Dyck
Editor: Trenton Oliver
Camera Operators: Wesley Wright, Prescott McCarthy, Joel Schöppe & Henry van Dyck
Animators: Andrew Neet, Fabio Albertelli, Emma Wright, Rokas Viksraitis, Saif Javed & Ivy Tello
Illustrators: Jakub Misiek, Maria Gusakovich, Nataly Zhuk, Isaac McRee, Grace Nemanic, Sofia Constantini & Veronika Pasynkova
Additional Editors: James Stuart, Peter Nelson & Spencer Wright
Researchers: Aakash Singh Bagga & Gabe Strong
Thumbnail Designers: Abdallah Rabah, Ren Hurley, Ben Powell & Henry van Dyck
Production Team: Josh Pitt, Nicola Griffiths, Rob Beasley Spence, Matthew Cavanagh, Anna Milkovic & Zoe Heron
Executive Producers: Casper Mebius & Derek Muller

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, The David Rumsey Historical Map Collection, Pond5 & StoryBlocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

The Spanish conquest of Mexico was one of history’s most dramatic clashes — Hernán Cortés and the conquistadors took on Montezuma and the mighty Aztec Empire. Through alliances, betrayal, disease, and brutal warfare, Tenochtitlán fell in 1521, changing the course of world history forever. Discover the untold story of Aztec resistance, Spanish strategy, and the fall of an empire.

Support my Work and Buy a Map or my Book!🙏🏻I receive an affiliate commision for each purchase used with my specific link.
– https://linktr.ee/incredhistory

The AI image generations and animations were created as an artistic effort and dramatization to visually represent the history that is described by the chroniclers of both the Spanish and Aztec.

Bibliography –

Conquistador Voices by Kevin H Siepel

The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico – Bernal Diaz del Castillo

Floretine Codex – The Aztec accounts

Music by CO.AG –

Just for Jolly

That Mindset

Frozen in Darkness

Village of thre Damned

Aberfan

Dangerous Undertones