Why Didn’t Antimatter Destroy The Universe? | LHC Breakthrough

April 17th, 2025

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Check Out Reactions on the Earth Month Playlist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJFMP0_fhLQ&list=PLnNZYWyBGJ1F8ofFm4H9UTrHxqU8zngK4&index=2

At one-one-thousandth of a second after the Big Bang, the great annihilation event should have wiped out all matter, leaving a universe of only radiation. Why still don’t know why any matter survived. Well, a new finding from the LHC brings us one step closer to understanding why there’s something rather than nothing.

Dr. Caplan Paper for Review:
https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.07647

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Written by Matt O’Dowd
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Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.

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Gamma Ray Burst
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The Biggest Misconception in Physics

April 14th, 2025

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A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis, Prof. Melissa Franklin, Prof. David Kaiser, Elba Alonso-Monsalve, Richard Behiel, Prof. Leo Stein and Jakob Schwintenberg for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video.

Special thanks to Alessandro from ScienceClic for his help on animations and input on the script. Check out his excellent video on Noether’s theorem here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hF_uHfSoOGA

▀▀▀
0:00 What is symmetry?
4:25 Emmy Noether and Einstein
7:33 General Covariance
11:59 The Principle of Least Action
15:29 Noether’s First Theorem
18:24 The Continuity Equation
23:20 Escape from Germany
24:49 The Standard Model – Higgs and Quarks

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References:
MathHistory Biography – Emmy Amalie Noether via mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk – https://ve42.co/BioNoether
Bartlett, J. G. (2021). The Standard Cosmological Model and CMB Anisotropies. New Astron.Rev. 43 (1999) 83-109 – https://ve42.co/CosmoCMB
Kimberling, C. (1982). Emmy Noether, Greatest Woman Mathematician. Mathematics Teacher, March 1982, Volume 84, Number 3, pp. 246–249. – https://ve42.co/NoetherGreat
Blunck, A., et al. (2016). Mathematik und Gender. Verlag Franzbecker – https://ve42.co/MathGender
Evans, R. J. (1976). The Feminist movement in Germany, 1894-1933. Sage Publications – https://ve42.co/FeministGer
Without Emmy Noether, there would be a huge gap in mathematics and its understanding via http://www.mpg.de – https://ve42.co/NoetherGap
Dihedral group of order 6 via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Dihedral6
Emmy Noether University of Erlangen via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/Erlangen
Timeline of women in mathematics via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WomenMath
Elizaveta Litvinova via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/LitvinovaE
Sofya Kovalevskaya via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/KovalevskayaS
Charlotte Scott via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/ScottC
Cornelia Fabri via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/FabriC
Emmy Noether, the renowned mathematician who taught 20 years of unpaid classes just because she was a woman via english.elpais.com – https://ve42.co/NoetherPay
Noether, E. (1908). Über die Bildung des Formensystems der ternären biquadratischen Form. Reimer – https://ve42.co/NDissert
Noether, E. (1983). Invariante Variationsprobleme. Gott.Nachr.1918:235-257,1918; Transp.Theory Statist.Phys.1:186-207,1971 – https://ve42.co/InvarProb
Noether, E. (2018). M. A. Tavel’s English translation of “Invariante Variationsprobleme”. arXiv – https://ve42.co/InvarProbEn
Byers, N. (1998). E. Noether’s Discovery of the Deep Connection Between Symmetries and Conservation Laws*. Mod.Phys.Lett. A14 (1999) 99-104 – https://ve42.co/SymCon
De Haro, S. (2021). Noether’s Theorems and Energy in General Relativity. Cambridge University Press, 2021 – https://ve42.co/EnergyGR
Rowe, D. E. (2019). Emmy Noether on Energy Conservation in General Relativity. arXiv – https://ve42.co/EnergyCon
Branding, K. (2005). A Note on General Relativity, Energy Conservation, and Noether’s Theorems. Springer – https://ve42.co/GRanEC

Additional References:
https://ve42.co/NoethersAdRefs

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Directed by Matthew Davies
Written by Matthew Davies, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller and Pablo Rovetto
Edited by Trenton Oliver, Peter Nelson and Nick Lear
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Emma Wright, Andrew Neet, Alessandro Roussel and Ivy Tello
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Cainejan Esperanza, Tommy Stevens, Maria Gusakovich and Emma Wright
Additional research by Henry van Dyck, Gabe Strong and Darius Garewal
Produced by Matthew Davies, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Zoe Heron, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain

Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley, Ben Powell and Peter Sheppard

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound


Can you solve this SAT question?

April 8th, 2025

How an SAT question became a mathematical paradox.


NEW EVIDENCE: Earth Had Rings (and Might Regain Them)

April 3rd, 2025

Check Out All PBS Earth Episodes: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnNZYWyBGJ1F8ofFm4H9UTrHxqU8zngK4

Planet Earth is the jewel of the solar system—the shimmery blue oceans, the verdant green forests, the wispy whimsical cloud formations. Saturn is the only competitor for most gorgeous planet with that giant ring system. Hmm… what if we could put the jewel of the Earth in its own ring? Then no contest. Well, there’s an extremely good chance that Earth once DID have a ring system. At least, that’s the proposal by a recent study that has evidence that a mysterious burst in meteor activity nearly half a billion years ago was actually caused by that ancient ring system collapsing onto the Earth. And, you know, if we had a ring once maybe we can have one again.

Check Out Joe Scott’s: What Would Happen If The Earth Had Rings?

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Richard Dyer & Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producer: Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka

Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By:

Big Bang
Tj Steyn
Bryce Fort
Peter Barrett
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Mark Rosenthal

Supernova
Grace Biaelcki
Glenn Sugden
Ethan Cohen
Stephen Wilcox
Robert Ilardi
The Tyacke boys
Mark Heising

Hypernova
Ulrich and Alexandre Francois
Spencer Jones
Dean Galvin
Michael Tidwell
Stephen Spidle
Massimiliano Pala
Justin Lloyd
David Giltinan
Kenneth See
Gregory Forfa
Alex Kern
D. Rollere
Scott Gorlick
Paul Stehr-Green
Ben Delo
Scott Gray
Антон Кочков
John R. Slavik
Donal Botkin
chuck zegar
Daniel Muzquiz

Gamma Ray Burst
Rick Magnun
Bryan White
Eric Raschke
Aaron Pinto
Kacper Cieśla
Satwik Pani
Param Saxena
John De Witt
Nathaniel Bennett
Sandhya Devi
Michael Oulvey
Arko Provo Mukherjee
Mike Purvis
Christopher Wade
Anthony Crossland
Stephen Saslow
Robert DeChellis
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Anthony Leon
Nick Hoffenstoffer III
Lori Ferris
Koen Wilde
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Richard Steenbergen
Joe Pavlovic
Chuck Lukaszewski
Cole B Combs
Jerry Thomas
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John Anderson
Bradley Ulis
Craig Falls
Kane Holbrook
Ross Story
Harsh Khandhadia
Matt Quinn
Michael Lev
Rad Antonov
Terje Vold
James Trimmier
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Paul Wood
Kent Durham
Jim Bartosh
John H. Austin, Jr.
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Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
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David Johnston
Michael Barton
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Bleys Goodson
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Matthew Johnson
Michael Purcell
John Funai
Adrien Molyneux
Bradley Jenkins
Vlad Shipulin
Justin Waters
Thomas Dougherty
Zac Sweers
Dan Warren
Joseph Salomone
00:00 Introduction
00:38 Channel Announcements
01:21 New Community Format + Patreon
02:35 Main Hypothesis
04:20 Lunar Debris Theory
07:15 Asteroid Impact Theory
10:35 Ring Lifespan & Dissappearance
14:46 Final Thoughts and Future Questions


The Man Who Almost Broke Math (And Himself…) – Axiom of Choice

April 2nd, 2025

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A huge thank you to Dr Asaf Karagila, Prof. Alex Kontorovich, Prof. Joel David Hamkins, Prof. Andrew Marks, Prof. Gabriel Goldberg and Prof. Elliot Glazer for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video.

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▀▀▀
0:00 What comes after one?
2:42 Some infinities are bigger than others
6:17 The Well Ordering Principle
10:32 Zermelo And The Axiom Of Choice
17:22 Why is the axiom of choice controversial?
23:16 The Banach–Tarski Paradox
27:53 Obviously True, Obviously False
29:58 Your Proof Your Choice

▀▀▀
References:

Up and Atom – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X56zst79Xjg
Minutephysics – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-QoutHCu4o
PBS Infinite Series – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcRZadc5KpI&t=125s
Vsauce – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s86-Z-CbaHA&t=474s
Ernst Zermelo via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/zermeloBio
Axiom of choice via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/choiceAxiom
Georg Cantor via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/cantorMath
Gregory H. Moore (2013). Consequences of the Axiom of Choice. Dover Publications – https://ve42.co/choiceBook
Georg Cantor (1874). On a property of the class of all real algebraic numbers. Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik – https://ve42.co/MeyerCantor1874
Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus (Dec 2012). Zermelo and the Heidelberg Congress 1904. Historia Mathematica – https://ve42.co/SciDirect1904
Herbert B. Enderton (1977). Elements of Set Theory. – https://ve42.co/SciDirectGCH

Additional References – https://ve42.co/AoCAdRefs

Images & Video:

Foundations of a general theory of sets by Georg Cantor via ViaLibri – https://ve42.co/grundlagen
Alfred Tarski by George Bergman via Wikimedia Commons – https://ve42.co/tarski
Alfred Tarski Offprint Group by Alfred Tarski via Bonhams – https://ve42.co/tarskipaper
La mission strasbourgeoise de Maurice Fréchet by Laurent Mazliak via Images des mathematiques – https://ve42.co/frechet
Kurt Gödel by Alfred Eisenstaedt via New Yorker – https://ve42.co/godel
Leopold Kronecker by Granger via Fine Art America – https://ve42.co/kronecker
Lashi Bandara (2006). Zermelo-Frankel Set Theory and Well Orderings. ResearchGate – https://ve42.co/zermelofrankel
Heidelberg, Germany 1936 by Wagner & Debes via Ward Maps – https://ve42.co/heidelberg
Pythagoras by J. Augustus Knapp via the marginalian – https://ve42.co/pythag
Paul Cohen by C. J. Mozzochi via C. J. Mozzochi – https://ve42.co/paulcohen
Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada. Lecture 01: Introduction: a non-measurable set via Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llnNaRzuvd4&t=834s
Simons Foundation. Fields Medal: James Maynard. Youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=un-z8kgOrV0&t=8s

▀▀▀
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Directed by Kaela Albert
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Assistant Edited by James Stuart
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Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Maria Gusakovich, Cainejan Esperanza, Tommy A. Steven and Emma Wright
Additional research by Emilia Gyles, Gabe Bean, Geeta Thakur and Vincent Cheng
Produced by Kaela Albert, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Emily Zhang, Zoe Heron, Rob Beasley Spence, and Tori Brittain
Additional Editing by Luke Molloy and James Stuart

Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Peter Sheppard and Ren Hurley

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound


Can you solve the prisoner’s riddle?

March 24th, 2025

There is a riddle that is so counterintuitive, it still seems wrong even if you know the answer.

The 100 prisoners problem – comment your answer!


Fox Host Didn’t Expect Elon Musk to Say This

March 21st, 2025

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How this helicopter survived 1004 days on Mars, then disappeared…

March 20th, 2025

How a helicopter built of phone parts survived Mars for 3 years. Use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan.

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Correction:
0:12, we say that ingenuity is 680g which is its weight on Mars. On Earth however, it weighs around 1800g.

Clarifications:
– A Patreon supporter named Zeus pointed out that we were wrong about Perseverance’s/Ingenuity’s position on Mars. It is in the Northern Hemisphere and hence Mars would be getting closer to the Sun as it goes into winter.
– Ingenuity was on Mars for 1004 Earth days.

Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates – https://ve42.co/Newsletter

▀▀▀
A massive thank you to the team at JPL and especially Teddy Tzanetos, Travis Brown, Håvard Grip and DC Agle

Check out Astrum’s video on Mars – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7mjp7MDx_w

▀▀▀
0:00 How Did Ingenuity Get To Mars?
3:23 Better Results, Bigger Expectations
6:15 Wobblecopter
7:48 Dust On Mars
9:41 What Is The Temperature On Mars?
11:54 Wake-Up Call
13:41 Android To The Rescue
16:22 Cosmic Rays
20:53 Dune and The Crash
25:26 The Next Generation

▀▀▀
References:

Ingenuity Mars Helicopter – NASA Science via science.nasa.gov – https://ve42.co/marsheli2
Ingenuity (helicopter) via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/wikiheli
Mars Facts | NASA Mars Exploration via science.nasa.gov – https://ve42.co/marsfacts
Inside the Ingenuity Helicopter Teamwork on Mars via insideunmannedsystems.com – https://ve42.co/marscrew
Ingenuity Adapts for Mars Winter Operations via science.nasa.gov – https://ve42.co/marswinter
Ingenuity Is Doing Surprisingly Well via http://www.universetoday.com – https://ve42.co/marswell
Remember NASA’s Little Mars Copter? It’s Still Going Strong via http://www.sciencealert.com – https://ve42.co/marsstrong
How Far Away Is Mars? via http://www.space.com – https://ve42.co/marsdist
Mars Cameras via science.nasa.gov – https://ve42.co/marsorb
Mars Exploration Meeting Documentation via http://www.hou.usra.edu – https://ve42.co/marsmeet
Ingenuity Quick Facts via http://www.jpl.nasa.gov – https://ve42.co/marsquick
Flight 14 Delayed via science.nasa.gov – https://ve42.co/marsspin

Additional References – https://ve42.co/MarsAdRefs

Images & Video:

Images and video from Perseverance and Ingenuity missions supplied by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Matthias (3 axis accelerometer, 3 axis gyroscope) https://youtu.be/yqFfmwVufMo?si=IoCj32PeVNZ4VJ-F
Veritasium. https://youtu.be/ty9QSiVC2g0?si=Gb48I-YjADPbPUsL
The Limiting Factor
https://youtu.be/4-1psMHSpKs?si=LF1jfLLNsBwRfwkB
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/xsUtq8PwZpQ?si=xOC91fdoSHdJndgx
VideoFromSpace. https://youtu.be/Kb0Pc22N6w4?si=4uSUetsSUKFTStme
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/qMbHE_VXI-8?si=TNePbTRpcN3oLEVJ
Veritasium. https://youtu.be/GhsZUZmJvaM?si=IIY0uuDrT-LzY5bI
Sighawke. https://youtu.be/OdKAW_0ENPU?si=18ZXXll3wSMj_Ex3
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/thk4Rha-fTk?si=_elC6Iqm1uaSjEFX
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/PFbzEM8PzHE?si=LmO71EVFqBAn6NEw
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/ia6S1jZmwWc?si=aAFC-BEmGwHIIqH7
JPL Raw. https://youtu.be/uz4GaAE7OMQ?si=7084_GDkrGnSSVTy
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/U7DFnNimSfw?si=JgwO2SNU9HXf3GIa
Apex Clips. https://youtu.be/NttUBB98zg4?si=j1OEQD1VBONTEEPI
Veritasium. https://youtu.be/AaZ_RSt0KP8?si=h7NKzMtJ87HRZ-bB
Cyber Chaos Crew. https://youtu.be/-KFH–_cdiI?si=S5rv8RjTtscu-S22
NBC News. https://youtu.be/lFiTjZDOekg?si=6a43qnPdveHaz6YA

Further image and video credits – https://docs.google.com/document/d/19fkGlnMj86GoISqBuEJbmW5oIpDI-JwDmlM7-iFITzU/edit?usp=sharing

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Directed by Henry van Dyck
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Edited by Trenton Oliver
On-site Interviews by Jonny Hyman
Filming by Alex Gorosh
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Cathie Wood: “Elon Musk Is The Greatest Builder Of Our Time”

March 19th, 2025

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How Astrophysics Can (LITERALLY) Save the World

March 13th, 2025

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Giant space rocks are definitely going to hit the Earth again. We actually do know how to deflect them, but only if we find them and correctly assess their risk. But the solar system is a chaotic place. How is it even possible to tell if a space rock will one day collide with the Earth?

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