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Imagine a world where humanity masters every planetary resource available to it—our first step on the famous Kardeshev scale of technological advancement. How distant is that step? Will we even become a true Type-1 civilization, and how can we get there?

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Richard Dyer & Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producer: Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka

Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By:

Big Bang
Wojciech Szymski
Bryce Fort
Peter Barrett
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Mark Rosenthal

Supernova
Grace Biaelcki
Glenn Sugden
Ethan Cohen
Stephen Wilcox
The Tyacke boys
Mark Heising

Hypernova
Richard Pavlicek
Dean Galvin
Michael Tidwell
Robert DeChellis
Stephen Spidle
Chris Webb
Massimiliano Pala
Justin Lloyd
David Giltinan
Kenneth See
Gregory Forfa
Alex Kern
Scott Gorlick
Paul Stehr-Green
Ben Delo
Scott Gray
Антон Кочков
Robert Ilardi
John R. Slavik
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
Chuck Zegar
Daniel Muzquiz

Gamma Ray Burst
Satwik Pani
Param Saxena
John De Witt
Nathaniel Bennett
Sandhya Devi
Michael Oulvey
Arko Provo Mukherjee
Mike Purvis
Christopher Wade
Anthony Crossland
Grace Seraph
Stephen Saslow
Tomaz Lovsin
Anthony Leon
Lori Ferris
Koen Wilde
Nicolas Katsantonis
Richard Steenbergen
Joe Pavlovic
Chuck Lukaszewski
Cole B Combs
Andrea Galvagni
Jerry Thomas
Nikhil Sharma
John Anderson
Bradley Ulis
Craig Falls
Kane Holbrook
Ross Story
Harsh Khandhadia
Matt Quinn
Michael Lev
Rad Antonov
Terje Vold
James Trimmier
Jeremy Soller
Paul Wood
Kent Durham
zubin dowlaty
jim bartosh
John H. Austin, Jr.
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Daniel Jennings
Jeremy Reed
David Johnston
Michael Barton
Isaac Suttell
Bleys Goodson
Mark Delagasse
Mark Daniel Cohen
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Frederic Simon
Jim Hudson
Alex Gan
John Funai
Adrien Molyneux
Bradley Jenkins
Vlad Shipulin
Justin Waters
Thomas Dougherty
Dan Warren
Joseph Salomone
Julien Dubois

The single principle that underpins all of physics. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

A massive thank you to Prof. Steven Strogatz for his expertise and enthusiasm. As an exclusive bonus for our Patreon members, we’ve posted a longer interview with Prof. Strogatz over there: https://www.patreon.com/posts/principle-of-116042877

A huge thank you to Prof. Haithem Taha, Prof. Anthony Bloch, Dr. Carl-Fredrik Nyberg Brodda, Dr. Sarah Millholland, and Dr. Andrew Mitchell for all their help with finding the story and getting it right.

A special thanks to Dr. Aurèle Adam, Ron Haaksman, Marc Serra Peralta, and everyone at the Delft Makerspace for their help with preparing and performing experiments.

00:00 One rule that replaces all of physics
00:51 The problem of fastest descent
05:09 Fermat’s principle
07:17 Bernoulli’s solution
10:38 Maupertuis’ principle
12:28 Maupertuis attacked and ridiculed
14:01 Euler & Lagrange to the rescue
17:22 The general approach to solving these problems
19:32 Writing the principle into its modern form
23:17 Why the principle works
27:08 Another way to do mechanics
30:19 A “spooky” breakthrough

▀▀▀
Join us on Patreon for early access videos and exclusive bonus content https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Patrons: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni , TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
Key references:

A fantastic book on the history of the Principle of Least Action: Rojo, A. and Bloch, A. The
Principle of Least Action: History and Physics. – https://ve42.co/Bloch2018
Coopersmith, J. (2017). The lazy universe: an introduction to the principle of least action. Oxford University Press. – https://ve42.co/LazyU
3Blue1Brown. The Brachistochrone, with Steven Strogatz via Youtube – https://ve42.co/Brach3B1B
Vsauce. The Brachistochrone via Youtube – https://ve42.co/BrachV
PBS Space Time. Is ACTION The Most Fundamental Property in Physics? via Youtube – https://ve42.co/PBSAction

Full list of references: https://ve42.co/LeastActionRefs

Images & Video:
Voltaire. (1753). Diatribe du Docteur Akakia. – https://ve42.co/DiatribeAkakia
Philosophical Transactions cover. via Wikimedia Commons – https://ve42.co/PhilTransImage
Kids Fun Science. (Jun 28, 2017). Refraction of Light with a arrow experiment via Youtube – https://ve42.co/RefractionFunSci
Physics with Simon Poliakoff. Refraction demonstration with water and laser via Youtube – https://ve42.co/SimonPoliakoff
Mercury Transit Across Sun. via Nasa.gov – https://ve42.co/MercTransit

▀▀▀
Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, Gregor Čavlović, Emma Wright, James Finnemore and David Szakaly
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright, and Maria Gusakovich
Filmed by Derek Muller and Casper Mebius
Additional research by Gabe Strong, Gregor Čavlović, and Geeta Thakur
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Gabe Strong, Gregor Čavlović, and Tori Brittain
Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks, and NASA SVS
Music from Epidemic Sound

Check out the full event here – https://x.com/america/status/1850396569041805567

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Before Tesla, I was a Director of Business Intelligence and Pricing at the largest Pet Food & Supply distributor in the US, Phillips Pet Food & Supplies based out of Easton, PA. My wife and I also owned a small business in Bethlehem, PA between 2016 and 2019.

I have been a shareholder of Tesla since 2012 and currently own Tesla stock. Nothing I say constitutes as investment or financial advice.

My thoughts are my own and are not representative of everyone who currently works, or has worked at Tesla.

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👉 Head to https://brilliant.org/spacetime/ for a 30-day free trial + 20% off your annual subscription

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Neutron stars aren’t dark matter–we figured that out a while ago. But new research is telling us that they may be dark matter factories. They may produce the exotic axion, one of the most popular dark matter candidates.

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt Caplan, Anirudh Prabhu, & Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producer: Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.

Journal Papers Referenced In Episode:
Axion clouds around neutron stars: https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.041015

Polar cap pair cascades as the source of pulsar radio emission: https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.245101

Axions can be produced above pulsar polar caps: https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.055038

Detailed simulations of polar cap cascades: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ac2157

Constraints on axions from non-observation of radio emission from 27 pulsars: https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.111004

Pulsar nulling from axion clouds: https://journals.aps.org/prl/accepted/99071Yf5Zed14387541d3dd31bdf5002c85cc2299

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka

Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By:

Big Bang
Wojciech Szymski
Bryce Fort
Peter Barrett
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Mark Rosenthal

Supernova
Grace Biaelcki
Glenn Sugden
Ethan Cohen
Stephen Wilcox
Mark Heising

Hypernova
Richard Pavlicek
Dean Galvin
Michael Tidwell
Robert DeChellis
Stephen Spidle
Chris Webb
Justin Lloyd
David Giltinan
Kenneth See
Gregory Forfa
Alex Kern
Scott Gorlick
Paul Stehr-Green
Ben Delo
Scott Gray
Антон Кочков
Robert Ilardi
John R. Slavik
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
Chuck Zegar
Daniel Muzquiz

Gamma Ray Burst
Satwik Pani
Param Saxena
John De Witt
Nathaniel Bennett
Sandhya Devi
Michael Oulvey
Arko Provo Mukherjee
Mike Purvis
Christopher Wade
Anthony Crossland
Grace Seraph
Stephen Saslow
Tomaz Lovsin
Anthony Leon
Lori Ferris
Koen Wilde
Nicolas Katsantonis
Richard Steenbergen
gmmiddleton
Joe Pavlovic
Chuck Lukaszewski
Cole B. Combs
Andrea Galvagni
Jerry Thomas
Nikhil Sharma
John Anderson
Bradley Ulis
Craig Falls
Kane Holbrook
Ross Story
Harsh Khandhadia
Jammer
Matt Quinn
Michael Lev
Rad Antonov
Terje Vold
James Trimmier
Jeremy Soller
Paul Wood
Kent Durham
jim bartosh
John H. Austin, Jr.
Diana S Poljar
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Daniel Jennings
Jeremy Reed
David Johnston
Michael Barton
Isaac Suttell
Bleys Goodson
Mark Delagasse
Mark Daniel Cohen
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Frederic Simon
Jim Hudson
Alex Gan
John Funai
Adrien Molyneux
Bradley Jenkins
Vlad Shipulin
Justin Waters
Thomas Dougherty
Dan Warren
Joseph Salomone
Julien Dubois

What would happen if you fell into a black hole? #astrophysics #einstein #generalrelativity

Europa Clipper is looking for signs of alien life in a very deadly place. Head to http://80000hours.org/veritasium to start planning a career that can help change the world for the better.

A massive thank you to Dr. Robert Pappalardo for his expertise and time.

A huge thank you to Gretchen McCartney and Cynthia B. Phillips at NASA JPL for their help.

For more on hydrothermal vents, check out NaturalWorldFacts on YouTube – @NaturalWorldFacts

00:00 ATTEMPT NO LANDING.
01:06 Jupiter’s deadly radiation belts
03:56 Europa’s secret
06:15 Why Europa isn’t completely frozen
08:03 Effects of tidal flexing
09:13 Why alien life could exist
10:39 How Europa Clipper detects signs of life
11:34 Why not Enceladus?
13:01 Europa Clipper’s instruments
15:13 Launch date and first results

▀▀▀

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Ayush Agrawal, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Shiroyasha, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures and wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
References:
Europa Clipper via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/ECWiki
Magnetosphere of Jupiter via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/JupiterMagWiki
Europa Clipper (2024) via Nasa.gov – https://ve42.co/ECNasa
Extraterrestrial Cycloids – Why Are They on Europa? via minutephysics on YouTube – https://ve42.co/MinPhysCycloid
Hand, K. P. & Carlson, R. W. (2015). Europa’s surface color suggests an ocean rich with sodium chloride. Geophysical research letters – https://ve42.co/Carlson2015
Dalton, J. B. et al. (2003). Near-Infrared Detection of Potential Evidence for Microscopic Organisms on Europa. Astrobiology – https://ve42.co/Dalton2003
Europa Clipper: Exploring Jupiter’s Ocean World (2024, May 24) via Youtube – https://ve42.co/PappalardoLec
Carr, M., Belton, M., Chapman, C. et al. (1998). Evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa. Nature 391, 363–365 – https://ve42.co/Carr1998
New Findings Support Prospect of Life on Jupiter’s Moon Europa (2024) via Nasa.gov – https://ve42.co/NasaEuropaLife
Meitzler, R., Jun, I., Blase, R. et al. (2023). Investigating Europa’s Radiation Environment with the Europa Clipper Radiation Monitor. Space Sci Rev 219, 61 – https://ve42.co/Meitzler2023

#europaclipper

Images & Video:
2010: The Year We Make Contact – https://ve42.co/2010Contact
CGI animations via NASA – https://ve42.co/NasaCGI
NASA Eyes on the Solar System – https://ve42.co/NasaEyes
Jupiter’s magnetosphere via Chandra X-Ray Center – https://ve42.co/JupiterMagChandra
Io’s Volcanoes via BBC Earth Science – https://ve42.co/IoBBCEarth
Clipper ships via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/ClipperShipWiki
Various moon images via NASA – https://ve42.co/NasaMoons
Hydrothermal vent animation from NaturalWorldFacts – https://ve42.co/NWFVentAnims
Hydrothermal vent footage by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute – https://ve42.co/ARIVent
Snotbot footage from VICE News – https://ve42.co/SnotBotVice
Plate tectonics on Europa by Noah Kroese – https://ve42.co/KroeseTectonics
JUICE CGI animations via ESA – https://ve42.co/JUICECGIESA
Arthur C. Clarke photo via ITU Pictures under the CC 2.0 license – https://ve42.co/ClarkePhoto

▀▀▀
Directed by Gregor Čavlović
Written by Gregor Čavlović and Derek Muller
Edited by Jack Saxon
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Jack Saxon
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev and Gregor Čavlović
Additional research by Gabriel Strong
Produced by Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Luke Lewis, Barbara Abraul, Gabriel Strong, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius

Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, and Jakub Misiek

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Weathered: Earth’s Extreme is available globally at: https://to.pbs.org/WeatheredST or the PBS App (US Only)

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop

We know that the universe is getting bigger. And we know that the speed that the universe is getting bigger is also getting bigger. The standard assumption is that the acceleration rate is itself constant, which will surely result in ultimate heat death. But a recent survey of primordial sound waves frozen into the way galaxies are sprinkled through the universe reveals that this fate is now in question.

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to:http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Richard Dyer & Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producer: Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Special Thanks: Adam Schwartz & Kurt Ritta

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka

Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By:

Big Bang
Wojciech Szymski
Bryce Fort
Peter Barrett
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Mark Rosenthal

Supernova
Grace Biaelcki
Glenn Sugden
Ethan Cohen
Stephen Wilcox
The Tyacke boys
Mark Heising

Hypernova
Richard Pavlicek
Dean Galvin
Michael Tidwell
Robert DeChellis
Stephen Spidle
Chris Webb
Justin Lloyd
David Giltinan
Kenneth See
Gregory Forfa
Alex Kern
drollere
Scott Gorlick
Paul Stehr-Green
Ben Delo
Scott Gray
Антон Кочков
Robert Ilardi
John R. Slavik
Mathew
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
chuck zegar
Daniel Muzquiz

Gamma Ray Burst
Param Saxena
John De Witt
Nathaniel Bennett
Sandhya Devi
Michael Oulvey
Arko Provo Mukherjee
Mike Purvis
Christopher Wade
Anthony Crossland
Grace Seraph
Stephen Saslow
Tomaz Lovsin
Anthony Leon
Lori Ferris
Koen Wilde
Nicolas Katsantonis
Richard Steenbergen
Joe Pavlovic
Chuck Lukaszewski
Cole B Combs
Andrea Galvagni
Jerry Thomas
Nikhil Sharma
John Anderson
Bradley Ulis
Craig Falls
Kane Holbrook
Ross Story
Harsh Khandhadia
Matt Quinn
Michael Lev
Rad Antonov
Terje Vold
James Trimmier
Jeremy Soller
Paul Wood
Kent Durham
jim bartosh
John H. Austin, Jr.
Diana S
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Daniel Jennings
Jeremy Reed
David Johnston
Michael Barton
Isaac Suttell
Bleys Goodson
Mark Delagasse
Mark Daniel Cohen
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Frederic Simon
Tonyface
Jim Hudson
Alex Gan
John Funai
Adrien Molyneux
Bradley Jenkins
Vlad Shipulin
Justin Waters
Thomas Dougherty
Dan Warren
Joseph Salomone
Julien Dubois

The world’s first look inside a thermite reaction. Use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan.

A massive thank you to everyone at Goldschmidt for making this possible. With special thanks to Dr. Axel Hoeschen, Christof Gassmann and Claudia Koch.

00:00 What is thermite?
00:51 Hans Goldschmidt and the first thermite reaction
05:55 The reaction as it’s never been seen before
14:57 How thermite welding works
17:43 I destroyed a laptop!
26:44 How thermite is made
31:11 Blow-torching thermite to show how reactive it is

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. https://snatoms.com/

▀▀▀

References:

Archives from Goldschmidt
Thermite via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiThermite
From the past to the present. via goldschmidt.com – https://ve42.co/Past2Present
Hans Goldschmidt via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/HansGWiki
Goldschmidt, H. (1914). Gesammelte Veröffentlichungen (1st Ed.). Springer-Verlag – https://ve42.co/HGoldschmit1914
Menzies, J. (2015, January 8). Mechanic’s Toolbox: Thermite Welding. SFMTA. – https://ve42.co/ThermiteWelding
Kirshenbaum, A. D., & Cahill, J. A. (1960). The density of liquid aluminium oxide. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry – https://ve42.co/CahillA1960
Reichstag fire via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/ReichstagFireWiki

Images & Video:

Karl Goldschmidt – https://ve42.co/KGoldschmidt
Goldschmidt Chemical Factory – https://ve42.co/GSFabrik
Henry Treffry Dunn Rossetti and Dunton at 16 Cheyne Walk – https://ve42.co/Treffry
The Green Gown – https://ve42.co/GreenGown
Arsenic Green Dress – https://ve42.co/ArsenicGreenDress
Kersting, Die Stickerin – https://ve42.co/Fassung
Too Early Tissot Detail – https://ve42.co/Tissot
Death Skull – https://ve42.co/Skull
British uniforms – https://ve42.co/BritishUniforms
Thermit in Practice – https://ve42.co/SKallee
Thermite Ship Shaft Welding 1 – https://ve42.co/ShipShaft1
Thermite Ship Shaft Welding 2 – https://ve42.co/ShipShaft2
Using Incendiary Grenade to Destroy German Antitank Gun by OkraJoe – https://youtu.be/RTSiq5QYHGo?si=Va_6dPimFuaQfFp5
Reichstagsbrand – https://ve42.co/RTBrand
Ruins of the Reichstagsbrand – https://ve42.co/RTBrand2
The Thermite Kettle by colinfurze – https://youtu.be/mg3bFxdAZsY?si=BmBIYPUlP1Wfpuoj

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Ayush Agrawal, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

▀▀▀
Directed by Derek Muller
Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Rokas Vikšraitis and Mike Radjabov
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, David Bochmann, Casper Mebius, Luise Dietert, Henning Fischer and Harald Schweiger
Additional Research by Gregor Čavlović and Gabriel Strong
Produced by Gregor Čavlović, Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard and Tori Brittain

Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley and Casper Mebius
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story Blocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

How do QR codes work? The checkerboard patterns taking over the world, demystified. Go to https://Saily.com/veritasium and use the code ‘veritasium’ to get an exclusive 15% off your first purchase.

Special thanks to Mashiro Hara and Yuki Watanabe.

00:00 I was wrong
00:49 How Morse Code revolutionized communication
03:57 How barcodes work
10:34 How QR codes store information
18:16 Why damaged QR codes still work
29:54 Why are QR codes so common?
31:21 How safe are QR codes?
32:25 The future of QR codes

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. https://snatoms.com/

▀▀▀

References: https://ve42.co/QRCodeRefs

Images & Video:
1940’s grocery store – H.I.C – https://ve42.co/1940sShop
Why Americans Are Obsessed With Peanut Butter via Youtube – https://ve42.co/PeanutButter1
Jif Peanut Butter 90s Commercial (1998) via Youtube – https://ve42.co/PeanutButter2
Vericode Symbol via Youtube – https://ve42.co/VericodeSymbol
Oreo introduces Sour Patch Kids cookies via YouTube – https://ve42.co/OreaSour
BSE – Changes in Behaviour via YouTube – https://ve42.co/BSE
QR Code with Drones | Firefly Drone Show via YouTube – https://ve42.co/DroneQRCode
Damaged barcode 1 by christiaangpr via Reddit – https://ve42.co/DamagedBarcode1
Damaged barcode 2, Midcom service group https://ve42.co/DamagedBarcode2
Oskana, G and Petkova, A. (2020 July 1). Testing a nano-barcodes marking technology for identification and protection of the mechanical products, Fig. 1 – https://ve42.co/MatrixCodes
NASA Celebrates 40 Years of the Voyager Mission via Nasa.gov – https://ve42.co/Voyager40Yr
Apollo footage via Nasa.gov – https://ve42.co/ApolloFootage
Snake in a QR code by MattKC via mattkc.com – https://ve42.co/SnakeQR
Scratched CD by Ice3yes via Reddit – https://ve42.co/ScratchedCD
Alfred Vail Portrait via si.edu – https://ve42.co/AlfredVail
Bernard Silver Portrait vai invent.org – https://ve42.co/BernardSilver
Norman Joseph Woodland Portrait via usatoday.com https://ve42.co/NormanWoodland
Masahiro Hara portrait via denso.com https://ve42.co/MasahiroPhoto
Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph patents via Wikipedia:
https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent1
https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent2
https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent3
https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent4
https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent5
https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent6
5 needle telegraph via cachesleuth.com- https://ve42.co/NeedleTelegraph

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Here’s the story we like to tell about the beginning of the universe. Space is expanding evenly everywhere, but if you rewind that expansion you find that all of space was once compacted in an infinitesimal point of infinite density—the singularity at the beginning of time. The expansion of the universe from this point is called the Big Bang. We like to tell this story because it’s the correct conclusion from the description of an expanding universe that followed Einstein’s general theory of relativity back in the 19-teens. But since then we’ve learned so much more since then. Does our modern understanding of the universe still insist on a point-like Big Bang? Recent work actually gives us a way to avoid the beginning of time.

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