Can you trust your phone? Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

A huge thank you to Linus Sebastian and the team at Linus Tech Tips – check them out at @LinusTechTips

A massive thank you to Alexandre De Oliveira and Karsten Nohl (aka @hackingmatters) for making this demo possible. Karsten has made a great follow-up video on the subject, which you can watch here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=miXRoy-5LLo

A special thanks to Crofton Black at Lighthouse Reports, Cathal Mc Daid at Enea, and James Hobson at @hacksmith

00:00 I hacked Linus!
00:59 How Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak hacked the telephone network
02:22 Early history of the telephone
07:08 The kidnapping of Sheikha Latifa
08:41 How Signalling System No. 7 works
11:03 Why SS7 is vulnerable to hacking
12:15 How hackers gain access to phones
16:17 How I was able to spy on Linus’ phone
18:09 How hackers can intercept text messages
21:04 How your location can be tracked via SS7
29:03 How to protect your phone from hacking

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures and wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
References:
Black, C. (2020). Spy companies using Channel Islands to track phones around the world. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism – https://ve42.co/SpyTBIJ
It is dangerously easy to hack the world’s phones via The Economist – https://ve42.co/EconHack
Blake, H. (2023). The Fugitive Princesses of Dubai. The New Yorker – https://ve42.co/DubaiNY
McDaid, C. (2021). How Surveillance Companies Track You Using Mobile Networks. media.ccc.de – https://ve42.co/McDaid2021
Engel, T. (2014). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate. media.ccc.de – https://ve42.co/Engel2014
Nohl, K. (2014). Mobile self-defense. media.ccc.de – https://ve42.co/Nohl2014
How Cell Service Actually Works via WendoverProductions – https://ve42.co/CellWendover
How Telephone Phreaking Worked via The 8-Bit Guy – https://ve42.co/8BitGuy
Transmission Lines: Part 1 An Introduction via TheSiGuy – https://ve42.co/TheSiGuy
The Step-By-Step Switch via AT&T Tech Channel – https://ve42.co/SwitchATNT
Hacking Your Phone via 60 Minutes – https://ve42.co/60minHack
Rosenbaum, R. (1971). Secrets of the Little Blue Box. The Esquire Magazine – https://ve42.co/Rosenbaum1971
Black, C. et. al. (2023). Ghost in the network. Lighthouse Reports – https://ve42.co/Black2023
Kerr, D. (2019). The step-by-step telephone switching system. dougkerr.net – https://ve42.co/Kerr2019
Ecall and 2G/3G Network Obsolescence via PFA Plateforme Automobile – https://ve42.co/PFAAuto2021

Images & Video:
All references can be found here: https://ve42.co/PhoneSpyingImageVideo

▀▀▀
Directed by Henry van Dyck
Written by Henry van Dyck
Edited by Laura Mills
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, and Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller and Linus Media Group Team
Additional research by Gabe Strong
Produced by Derek Muller, Henry van Dyck, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis, Gregor Čavlović, and Emily Zhang
Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

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If you track the motion of individual stars in the ultra-dense star cluster at the very center of the Milky Way you’ll see that they swing in sharp orbits around some vast but invisible mass—that’s the Sagittarius A* supermassive black hole. These are perilous orbits, and sometimes a star wanders just a little too close to that lurking monster, leading to its utter destruction in the spectacular phenomenon known as a tidal disruption event. We’ve never seen a TDE in the Milky Way, but we’ve seen them in distant galaxies—and we now know how to spot stellar destructions so extreme that they reveal properties of the black hole itself.

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Written by Matt Caplan, Andy Santarelli & Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
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Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka

Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By:

Big Bang
Wojciech Szymski
Bryce Fort
Peter Barrett
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Mark Rosenthal

Supernova
Grace Biaelcki
Glenn Sugden
Ethan Cohen
Stephen Wilcox
The Tyacke boys
Mark Heising

Hypernova
Richard Pavlicek
Dean Galvin
Michael Tidwell
Robert DeChellis
Stephen Spidle
Chris Webb
Justin Lloyd
David Giltinan
Kenneth See
Gregory Forfa
Alex Kern
Scott Gorlick
Paul Stehr-Green
Ben Delo
Scott Gray
Антон Кочков
Robert Ilardi
John R. Slavik
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
chuck zegar
Daniel Muzquiz

Gamma Ray Burst
Param Saxena
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Sandhya Devi
Michael Oulvey
Arko Provo Mukherjee
Mike Purvis
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treborg777
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gmmiddleton
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Cole B Combs
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John Anderson
Bradley Ulis
Craig Falls
Kane Holbrook
Ross Story
Harsh Khandhadia
Jammer
Matt Q
Michael Lev
Rad Antonov
Terje Vold
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comboy
Jeremy Soller
Paul Wood
Kent Durham
jim bartosh
qntum
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Diana S
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Daniel Jennings
Jeremy Reed
David Johnston
Michael Barton
Isaac Suttell
Bleys Goodson
Mark Delagasse
Mark Daniel Cohen
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
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Craig Stonaha
Frederic Simon
Tonyface
Jim Hudson
Alex Gan
John Funai
Adrien Molyneux
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Vlad Shipulin
Justin Waters
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Dan Warren
Joseph Salomone
Julien Dubois

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If we discover how to connect quantum mechanics with general relativity we’ll pretty much win physics. There are multiple theories that claim to do this, but it’s notoriously difficult to test them. They seem to require absurd experiments like a particle collider the size of a galaxy. Or we could try to physics smarter, instead of physicsing harder. Let’s talk about some ideas for quantum gravity experiments that can be done on a non-galaxy-sized lab bench, and in some cases already have been done.

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to:http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Christopher Pollack, Lorenzo Braccini, & Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka

Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By:

Big Bang
​​Wojciech Szymski
First Principles Foundation
Bryce Fort
Peter Barrett
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Mark Rosenthal

Supernova
Grace Biaelcki
Glenn Sugden
Ethan Cohen
Stephen Wilcox
The Tyacke boys
Amy Hickman
Mark Heising

Hypernova
Richard Pavlicek
Dean Galvin
Michael Tidwell
Robert DeChellis
Stephen Spidle
Chris Webb
Justin Lloyd
David Giltinan
Kenneth See
Gregory Forfa
Alex Kern
drollere
Scott Gorlick
Paul Stehr-Green
Ben Delo
Scott Gray
Антон Кочков
Robert Ilardi
John R. Slavik
Mathew
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
chuck zegar
Daniel Muzquiz

Gamma Ray Burst
John De Witt
Kevin Vallejo
Nathaniel Bennett
Sandhya Devi
Michael Oulvey
Robin Sur
Arko Provo Mukherjee
Mike Purvis
Christopher Wade
Anthony Crossland
Grace Seraph
Stephen Saslow
Tomaz Lovsin
Anthony Leon
Lori Ferris
Koen Wilde
Nicolas Katsantonis
Richard Steenbergen
Joe Pavlovic
Chuck Lukaszewski
Cole B Combs
Andrea Galvagni
Jerry Thomas
Nikhil Sharma
John Anderson
Bradley Ulis
Craig Falls
Kane Holbrook
Ross Story
Harsh Khandhadia
Matt Quinn
Michael Lev
Rad Antonov
Terje Vold
James Trimmier
Jeremy Soller
Paul Wood
Kent Durham
jim bartosh
John H. Austin, Jr.
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Daniel Jennings
Jeremy Reed
David Johnston
Michael Barton
Isaac Suttell
Bleys Goodson
Mark Delagasse
Mark Daniel Cohen
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Frederic Simon
Tonyface
Jim Hudson
Alex Gan
John Funai
Adrien Molyneux
Bradley Jenkins
Vlad Shipulin
Justin Waters
Thomas Dougherty
Dan Warren
Joseph Salomone
Julien Dubois

Myths and misconceptions about planes. Go to https://groundnews.com/Ver to see through media misconceptions and get all sides of every story. Subscribe to save 40% off unlimited access through our link.

If you enjoyed this video and want to go deeper, you’ll find extended interviews, deleted scenes, and some of our early thumbnail concepts over on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/posts/patreon-what-112039394

A massive thank you to Petter Hörnfeldt for his expertise and time. Check out @MentourPilot.

A huge thank you to Baz Collins, Nick Woods, Val Bukmanis, and everyone at the Queensland Air Museum for hosting us and making this shoot possible – https://ve42.co/QLDAir

A special thanks to Roddy McNamee for helping out with the script – https://ve42.co/RMcN

A big thank you to Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius for their help and guidance!

00:00 Can plane doors be opened mid-flight?
00:28 How high do planes fly?
02:31 How do jet engines work?
04:43 Airplanes before cabin pressurization
05:34 Why don’t pressurized planes need door locks?
07:07 Do people fart more in planes?
07:57 The story of Aloha Airlines Flight 243
09:21 The story of Asiana Airlines Flight AA8124
09:57 Is “airplane mode” on phones real?
13:53 Why does airplane food taste bad?
15:07 Why do people drink tomato juice on planes?
16:15 How safe is air travel?

▀▀▀

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
References:
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge via the FAA – https://ve42.co/LiftandDragEqs
Compressor efficiency by Roddy McNamee – https://ve42.co/Compressor
Garrido, E. et. al. (2019). Breathless and dying on Mount Everest. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine – https://ve42.co/Everest3min
Cabin Pressurization via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/CabinPressure
B737 door specifications by Chris Brady – https://ve42.co/737door
Aloha Airlines 243 Accident Report by the NTSB – https://ve42.co/AlohaAirline
Boeing 737-297 Specifications via the FAA – https://ve42.co/AlohaCycles
(PED) Aviation Rulemaking Committee via the FAA – https://ve42.co/AirplaneMode
Ritchie, C. (1996). Potential Liability from Electromagnetic Interference. Journal of Air Law and Commerce – https://ve42.co/Ritchie1996
FAA restrictions via eCFR – https://ve42.co/FAArules
Is Phone Interference Phony? via Wired – https://ve42.co/FCCTesting
Sabatini N. (2005). Statement before the Subcommittee of Aviation. U.S. Department of Transportation – https://ve42.co/FCCquote
EU rules on Airplane Mode via euronews.com – https://ve42.co/EUAPM
Mayer, F. et al. (2022). Indoor Air Quality in Commercial Air Transportation. Handbook of Indoor Air Quality – https://ve42.co/PlaneHumid
Burdack-Freitag, et al. (2010). Odor and taste perception in a simulated aircraft cabin. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety. – https://ve42.co/SmellTaste

Images & Video:
Passenger Opens Emergency Exit via 10 News First – https://ve42.co/Jetstar
Airplane-Door OPENS Mid-flight! by Mentour Pilot – https://ve42.co/MentourAsia
A320 Door by Captain Time – https://ve42.co/A320Door
B737 Door by Abdulrahman Ismail – https://ve42.co/B737Door
The Miracle Landing Of Aloha Airlines Flight 243 by Wonder – https://ve42.co/Wonder243
Terrifying video shows Asiana flight door open in mid-air by National Post – https://ve42.co/PlaneDoorOpen
Faraday Cage by Radwell International – https://ve42.co/Faraday
Anatomy of the Inner Ear model by Annie Campbell, Now Medical Studios – https://ve42.co/EarAnatomy

▀▀▀
Directed by Gregor Čavlović and Derek Muller
Written by Gregor Čavlović, Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, and Casper Mebius
Edited by Jack Saxon
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, and Jack Saxon Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Chase Brockett, Charles Clement, and Derek Muller
Additional research by Gabriel Strong
Produced by Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Owen Maher, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, and Casper Mebius

Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Mike Radjabov, and Igant Barbeci

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Democracy might be mathematically impossible – here’s why. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. https://snatoms.com/

▀▀▀
Massive thanks to Prof. Eric Maskin for helping with the script. Thanks to Chris Dong for inspiring this video. Massive thanks to Latif Nasser for being part of this video. Massive thanks to Curtis Gilberts, and to Radiolab — listen to their great episode on voting systems here https://radiolab.org/podcast/tweak-vote

▀▀▀

A few great proofs of Arrow’s impossibility theorem:
Yu, N. N. (2012). A one-shot proof of Arrow’s impossibility theorem. Economic Theory, 523-525.- https://ve42.co/Yu2012
Geanakoplos, J. (2005). Three brief proofs of Arrow’s impossibility theorem. Economic Theory, 26(1), 211-215. – https://ve42.co/Geanakoplos2005

References:
Arrow, K. J. (2012). Social choice and individual values (Vol. 12). Yale university press. – https://ve42.co/Arrow2012
Arrow, K. J. (1950). A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare. Journal of Political Economy – https://ve42.co/Arrow1950
Black, D. (1948). On the rationale of group decision-making. Journal of political economy, 56(1), 23-34. – https://ve42.co/Black1948
Black, D. (1969). On Arrow’s impossibility theorem. The Journal of Law and Economics, 12(2), 227-248. – https://ve42.co/Arrow1969
Maskin, E., & Sen, A. (2014). The Arrow impossibility theorem. Columbia University Press. – https://ve42.co/Maskin2014
Gehrlein, W. V., & Valognes, F. (2001). Condorcet efficiency: A preference for indifference. Social Choice and Welfare – https://ve42.co/Gehrlein2001
Dardanoni, V. (2001). A pedagogical proof of Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem. Social Choice and Welfare, 18(1), 107-112. – https://ve42.co/Dardanoni2001
McCune, D., & Wilson, J. (2023). Ranked-choice voting and the spoiler effect. Public Choice, 196(1), 19-50. – https://ve42.co/McCune2023
Santucci, J. (2021). Variants of ranked-choice voting from a strategic perspective. Politics and Governance, 9(2), 344-353. – https://ve42.co/Santucci2021
Kaminski, M. M. (2018). Spoiler effects in proportional representation systems: evidence from eight Polish parliamentary elections, 1991–2015. Public Choice, 176(3), 441-460. – https://ve42.co/Kaminski2018
Brams, S. J., & Fishburn, P. C. (1978). Approval voting. American Political Science Review, 72(3), 831-847. – https://ve42.co/Brams1978

Other references and election results – https://ve42.co/IODRefs

Images & Video:
Minneapolis 2013 Debate Images: https://ve42.co/Minn2013Debate
4 Images from this article: https://ve42.co/MinnDebateMPR
Arrow Nobel Prize Image from NYT Article: https://ve42.co/ArrowNYT

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

▀▀▀
Directed by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek and Ivy Tello
Filmed by Derek Muller
Additional Research by Gabriel Strong
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Gabriel Strong, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis
Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound

#democracy #voting #mathematics

Post Content

​

Hearing is about way more than sound #audioillusion

Post Content

​

Audio illusions show us that hearing is about more than just sensing frequency. Which ones trick you every time? Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. https://snatoms.com/

▀▀▀

A big thank you to Titus Grenyer over at Pep Organ for showing us around the Sydney Town Hall Organ, to Dr. Diana Deutsch for providing her illusions and insight into the field, to Casey Connor for advice on building sound illusions, and to Dr. Michael Bach for providing the motion-bounce illusion.

Pep organ: https://ve42.co/peporgan
Casey Connor’s Psychoacoustics: https://ve42.co/CaseyConnor

▀▀▀

References: https://ve42.co/AudioIllusionsRefs

Images & Video:

Aircraft Detection before radar, 1917-1940 – https://ve42.co/DetectionBeforeRadar
Women’s Auxiliary Air Force operator Denise Miley – https://ve42.co/ChainHomeRadar
Daventry Experiment Van, operated by “Jock” Herd – https://ve42.co/ChainHome
Perfect fifth – https://ve42.co/PerfectFifth
Denge acoustic mirrors – The original uploader was Jksolomon at English Wikipedia. – https://ve42.co/DengeSoundMirror
Denge sound mirrors | Sound Mirrors https://ve42.co/SoundMirrorsDenge
Mayer telescope in 1880, US patent number 224199. NAE Website – Acoustic Source Localization Techniques and Their Applications https://ve42.co/AcousticSoundLocalizationTechniques
Professor Mayer’s Topophone – https://ve42.co/Topophone
AR_Speaker_v12 – Download Free 3D model by steveMarketscale [6ca6a0a] – Sketchfab https://ve42.co/ARSpeaker
Ear Phenotypes https://ve42.co/Earhenotypes

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

▀▀▀
Directed by Sulli Yost and Derek Muller
Hosted by Derek Muller
Written by Sulli Yost and Derek Muller
Edited by Jack Saxon and Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, David Szakaly, and Ivy Tello
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Sulli Yost, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev, Gregor Čavlović, and Gabe Strong

Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard and Ren Hurley

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks, and Envato

Music from GarageBand, Virtual Piano, and Epidemic Sound

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://www.pbsspacetime.com/shop

Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

The primary characteristic that defines black holes is in the name. Black holes are black. The gravitational pull at the event horizon is so powerful that not even light can escape. In this case, black means absence of light. We also think of black as indicating absence of colour. But it turns out there is a way to make a coloured black hole—as long as by colour you mean quantum chromodynamic charge.

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to:http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
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Search the Entire Space Time Library Here: https://search.pbsspacetime.com/

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Andrea Quaranta & Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka

Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By:

Big Bang
Wojciech Szymski
First Principles Foundation
Bryce Fort
Peter Barrett
David Neumann
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Mark Rosenthal
Daniel Muzquiz

Supernova
Grace Biaelcki
Glenn Sugden
Ethan Cohen
Stephen Wilcox
J. Tyacke
Amy Hickman
Mark Heising

Hypernova
Dean Galvin
Michael Tidwell
Robert DeChellis
Chris Webb
David Giltinan
Ivari Tölp
Kenneth See
Gregory Forfa
Alex Kern
drollere
Bradley Voorhees
Scott Gorlick
Paul Stehr-Green
Ben Delo
Scott Gray
Антон Кочков
Robert Ilardi
John R. Slavik
Mathew
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
chuck zegar

Gamma Ray Burst Sponsors
Sandhya Devi
Michael Oulvey
Neil Moore
Robin Sur
Arko Provo Mukherjee
Mike Purvis
Christopher Wade
Anthony Crossland
treborg777
Grace Seraph
Stephen Saslow
Tomaz Lovsin
Anthony Leon
Leonardo Schulthais Senna
Lori Ferris
Koen Wilde
Nicolas Katsantonis
Richard Steenbergen
Joe Pavlovic
Justin Lloyd
Chuck Lukaszewski
Cole B Combs
Andrea Galvagni
Jerry Thomas
Nikhil Sharma
John Anderson
Bradley Ulis
Craig Falls
Kane Holbrook
Ross Story
Harsh Khandhadia
Matt Quinn
Michael Lev
Rad Antonov
Terje Vold
James Trimmier
Jeremy Soller
Paul Wood
Kent Durham
jim bartosh
John H. Austin, Jr.
Diana S
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Daniel Jennings
Russ Creech
Jeremy Reed
David Johnston
Michael Barton
Isaac Suttell
Oliver Flanagan
Bleys Goodson
Mark Delagasse
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