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What are the Strings in String Theory?

October 18, 2018 / / 0 Comments

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Why strings? What are they made of? How did physicists even come up with this bizarre idea? And what’s all this nonsense of extra dimensions?

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Previous Episode:
Computing a Universe Simulation
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In physics we like to reduce down our description of the mechanics of reality to the simplest possible form. We expect the most fundamental machinery to have the fewest possible moving parts – or free parameters. This is why the standard model of particle physics is considered incomplete. Its equations predict many things with stunning accuracy, but they first require us to tune many mathematical knobs and dials. We need to use physical measurement to fix 19 free parameters like the masses of particles. And then there’s gravity, which doesn’t fit into the standard model at all. So surely there exists a deeper set of cogs and wheels – a theory that brings all observable phenomena into the same mechanical framework. That would be a theory of everything, and this is the great hope of string theory.

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Computing a Universe Simulation

October 10, 2018 / / 0 Comments

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Physics seems to be telling us that it’s possible to simulate the entire universe on a computer smaller than the universe.

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Previous Episode:
How to Detect Extra Dimensions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HYw6vPR9qU

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I’m not saying the universe is a simulation. I mean it might be – I’m just not saying it. And perhaps it doesn’t make any difference. Even if this is the prime, the original physical universe, rather than somewhere deep in a simulation nest, we can STILL think of our universe’s underlying mechanics as computation. Imagine a universe in which the most elementary components are stripped of all properties besides some binary notion of existence or non-existence. Like, if the tiniest chunks of spacetime, or chunks of quantum fields, or elements in the abstract space of quantum-mechanical states can either be full or empty. These elements interact with their neighbors by a simple set of rules, leading to oscillations, elementary particles, atoms, and ultimately to all of the emergent laws of physics, physical structure, and ultimately the universe.

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How to Detect Extra Dimensions

October 3, 2018 / / 0 Comments

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On this Space Time Journal Club we look at how gravitational waves can be used to search for extra dimensions of space!
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“Limits on the number of spacetime dimensions from GW170817”
Pardo, Fishbach, Holz & Spergel 2018
https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.08160

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Previous Episode:
Quantum Gravity and the Hardest Problem in Physics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNEBhwimJWs

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Quantum Gravity and the Hardest Problem in Physics | Space Time

September 20, 2018 / / 0 Comments

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Between them, general relativity and quantum mechanics seem to describe all of observable reality.

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Previous Episode:
How Much Information is in the Universe?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxVlGAFX7vA

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The first few decades of the 20th century was a time of miracles for physics. First, Einstein’s relativity utterly changed the way we think about space, time, motion and gravity. Then the quantum revolution of the 20s and 30s overturned all of our intuitions about the subatomic world. Together, general relativity and quantum mechanics have allowed us to explain nearly every fundamental phenomenon observed, and have predicted many unexpected phenomena that have since been verified. And yet the two theories contradict each other in fundamental ways. In the century since that golden era of physics, we’ve been trying to reconcile the two … without success. But today on space-time I’m going to begin our discussion of the great quest for this union – the quest for a theory of quantum gravity, and for a theory of everything.

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How Much Information is in the Universe?

September 12, 2018 / / 0 Comments

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There’s quite a bit of stuff in the universe, to put it mildly.

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Previous Episode:
The Black Hole Entropy Enigma
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab8JIzckx_M

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Hundreds of billions of galaxies, each with hundreds of billions of stars, each with … rather a lot of particles in them. And then there’s all the stuff that isn’t stars. The dark matter, black holes, planets, and the particles and radiation in between the stars and galaxies. Stuff EVERYWHERE! But… is the universe actually made of stuff? An increasing number of physicists view the universe – view reality as informational at its most fundamental level. But how big a memory bank would you even need to compute a universe? Seriously, let’s figure it out.

Computational Capacity of the Universe (2001), by Seth Lloyd
https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0110141

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The Black Hole Entropy Enigma

September 5, 2018 / / 0 Comments

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Previous Episode:
Is There Life on Mars?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmEY6T5Wc-Q

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Black Holes should have no entropy, but they in fact hold most of the entropy in the universe. Let’s figure this out.

If black holes exist – which, apparently, they do – they contradict other theories in physics as sacred as general relativity. They cause all sorts of problems with quantum theory, which we’ve talked about and will review in a sec. But they also present an apparent conflict with the notion of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It was while pondering that conflict that Jacob Bekenstein realized an incredible connection between black holes and thermodynamics. His insight launched an entire new way of thinking about the universe in terms of information theory, and ultimately led to the holographic principle. Which I promise we’re getting to and we’re almost there. We just need to understand string theory first and to understand that, you’re going need to know about why Black Holes contain most of the universe’s entropy.

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Is There Life on Mars?

August 30, 2018 / / 0 Comments

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There is no greater hero in our search for life on mars than a little robot named Opportunity.

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Previous Episode:
How Will the Universe End?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qg4vb-KH5F4

What does the future of our Universe hold? Alas Lewis & Barnes
https://youtu.be/hCXRnwpmJTc

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Otherwise landed in 2004 with its twin – MER-A, better known as Spirit. These six-wheeled golf-cart-sized robots were Swiss army knives of geological lab instruments. Opportunities most spectacular discovery where these cute little so-called berries. They turned out to be concretions of hematite – which means they were grown in wet environments with dissolved iron. Wet means water FYI. Both rovers found a variety of other geological signs of past water activity, really solidifying the picture of Mars’ much more liquid past. Both rovers were supposed to shut down after around 90 days as Martian dust accumulated on their solar panels, cutting of their power supply.

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How Will the Universe End? | Space Time

August 23, 2018 / / 0 Comments

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In 100 trillion years the era of stars will be over.

We live in an unusual age – the age when the stars still shine. We should count ourselves lucky – nearly all of future history will be dark. But events will still unfold in that long, cooling darkness, and civilizations may endure. So how will the universe and its far-future denizens spend eternity?

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Previous Episode:
Quantum Theory’s Most Incredible Prediction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UwigY4SjKY

What does the future of our Universe hold? Alas Lewis & Barnes
https://youtu.be/hCXRnwpmJTc

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In 100 trillion years the last star in the universe will expand the final atoms of its hydrogen fuel and settle quietly into a dim white dwarf, before slowly fading to black over as it radiates away its remnant heat. The era of stars will be over. That 100 trillion years is 10,000 times the current age of the universe, and so the days of starlight and warmth have a way to go. But even when they are done, the universe will be young in comparison to the long, dark ages to follow. In fact our universe will spend almost all of its infinite time in darkness, slowly crawling towards maximum entropy and ultimate heat death.

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Quantum Theory’s Most Incredible Prediction | Space Time

August 15, 2018 / / 0 Comments

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Let’s talk about the best evidence we have that the theories of quantum physics truly represent the underlying workings of reality.
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Quantum field theory is notoriously complicated, built from mind-bendingly abstract mathematics. But are the underlying rules of reality really so far from human intuition? Or are physicists just showing off? For better or worse, the physicists are definitely on the right track. We know this because the predictions of quantum field theory stand up to experimental test time and time again.

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How Close To The Sun Can Humanity Get?
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How Close To The Sun Can Humanity Get?

August 1, 2018 / / 0 Comments

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Previous Episode:
Reversing Entropy with Maxwell’s Demon
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The Sun: an entity worshipped as a god throughout time and across cultures. The source of all life and sustenance for our little blue space rock, and also a force of unthinkable destructive power. But soon humanity will reach out its collective hand and come closer to touching the Sun than we ever have before with the launch of the Parker Solar Probe.

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