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If we, or any conscious being is around to witness the very distant future our galaxy, what will they see? How long will life persist as the stars begin to die?

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Previous Episode:
Black Hole Swarms
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVhtKAnp3G4

For the sake of argument, let’s say that humanity survives the several ends of the world that await us. We somehow persist the gradual heating of our Sun and the evaporation of our oceans. Our descendants cling to existence through countless generations we watch the Andromeda galaxy merge with the Milky Way, forming a vast elliptical galaxy. We seek refuge in the outer solar system as the Sun finally expands into a red giant – twice! And finally our heirs or successors find new homes among the stars after the Sun’s final death and transformation into a dim white dwarf.

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It’s been conjectured that the center of the Milky Way is swarming with tens of thousands of black holes. And now we’ve actually seen them.

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Previous Episode:
Using Stars to See Gravitational Waves
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnwXyPU_ps0

This episode of Space Time Journal Club looks at the paper:

A density cusp of quiescent X-ray binaries in the central parsec of the Galaxy
by Hailey, Mori, Bauer, Berkowitz, Hong & Hord (2018)
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25029

The core of our galaxy is a wild place. The stars are so densely packed that the night sky would be 500 times brighter. A supermassive black hole, 4 million times the mass of our Sun lurks in the center. It flings nearby stars into extreme slingshot orbits. It consumes anything that gets too close is consumed, burping a blast of X-rays. We know these things because we see them from our comfortable vantage point 28,000 light years out in the galactic disk. But there’s one particularly terrible feature of the core of our galaxy that, until now, has only been has only be hypothesized: The central few light years of the Milky Way is thought to contain a vast swarm of smaller black holes that have rained in from the surrounding galaxy.

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Now that gravitational waves are definitely a thing, it’s time to think about some of the crazy things we can figure out with them. In some cases we’re going to need a gravitational wave observatory – in fact, we’ve already built one.

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Previous Episode:
The Physics of Life (ft. It’s Okay to be Smart & PBS Eons!)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcfLZSL7YGw&t=25s

We are at the cusp of a golden age of gravitational wave astronomy. We’ve already talked about the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory–LIGO, and the first discovery of gravitational waves here. Those videos came out almost two years ago. A lot has happened since then. First, an update on LIGO. In its two and a half years of operation, LIGO has observed five certain black hole–black hole mergers. These events have been consistently surprising.

Reinterpreting Low Frequency LIGO/Virgo Events as Magnified Stellar-Mass Black Holes at Cosmological Distances
Broadhurst, Diego & Smoot (2018)
https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.05273

On Stellar-Mass Black Hole Mergers in AGN Disks Detectable with LIGO
McKernan et al. 2018
https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.07818

Stars as Resonant Absorbers of Gravitational Waves
McKernan, Ford, Kocsis & Haiman
https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.1414

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It’s OK to be Smart – Where Did Life Come From? https://youtu.be/_uAJY1mqtw4
Eons – What Was the Ancestor of Everything? https://youtu.be/pk213XSSktQ

Our universe is prone to increasing disorder and chaos. So how did it generate the extreme complexity we see in life? Actually, the laws of physics themselves may demand it.

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Previous Episode:
The Unruh Effect
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cj6oiFDEXc

How did life begin? We can seek the answer in the chemistry of the early earth, or in the biology of the first cell. In fact our friends at PBS Eons and It’s OK to be Smart will do just that in companion videos to this one. But we all know that chemistry and biology are just applied physics. So can we approach the question of the origin and the very nature of life from the point of view of physics? We’re sure going to try.

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Worried about black holes? Consider this: Every time you accelerate – you generate an event horizon behind you. The more you accelerate away from it the closer it gets. Don’t worry, it can never catch up to you, but the Unruh radiation it generates sure can.

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Previous Episode:
The Andromeda-Milky Way Collision
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_P1xKh_kZFU

Around the same time that Stephen Hawking was demonstrating the existence of the black hole radiation that would bear his name, three other researchers, Stephen Fulling, Paul Davis, and William Unruh, were looking at an effect that now seems eerily similar. They were independently studying how the nature of quantum fields appears to change depending on whether or not an observer is accelerating. They found that simple act of acceleration cuts off your causal access to a region of the universe. It creates a type of event horizon. As we saw in our episode on horizon radiation, the presence of horizons distorts the quantum vacuum in a way that can create particles.

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Classical analogue of the Unruh effect
Leonhardt, Griniasty, Wildeman, Fort, & Fink
https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.02200

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The Andromeda galaxy is heading straight toward our own Milky Way. The two galaxies will inevitably collide. Will that be the very last night sky our solar system witnesses?

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Previous Episode:
Scientists Have Detected the First Stars
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-R9F2_D76TE

See that fuzzy blob on the sky? The one just left of the Milky Way center in the constellation of Andromeda. That’s M31 – the Andromeda galaxy. It’s two and a half million light years away and host to a trillion stars. It has a beautiful spiral structure spanning its gently rotating disk 220 thousand light years in diameter, and a central bulge that hides a giant black hole that contains the mass of well over a hundred million Suns. Andromeda is also racing towards our galaxy at 110 km/s.

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Comments Matt responded to include:

The Exoplanets Channel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-R9F2_D76TE&lc=UgzYOYV-1GsJrSwlmZ14AaABAg

Patrick Horgan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-R9F2_D76TE&lc=UgxB8ZoEtScJ4vFBSo94AaABAg

And Springville High School’s AP Physics Class!

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What do the first stars in the universe, dark matter, and superior siege engines have in common?

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Trebuchet Challenge Winners:
Vineet Gala
Valerie Sinclair
Alex Funiciello
David Shearn
Gwyn Paske
Bruce & Angela Tremain

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Previous Episode:
Hawking Radiation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPKj0YnKANw

Sometimes space news sneaks by without getting much attention. Not everything wows like gravitational waves or spacefaring sportscars. That’s the case with the recent discovery of earliest stars in the universe. In a Nature paper published a few weeks ago, Judd Bowman and collaborators report a signal from the very first stars to form in our universe. The same result also hints at brand new physics that may help explain the nature of dark matter. This result flew under the radar in part because it’s a subtle and clever result that requires a bit of interpretation. Today we’re doing a Space Time Journal Club to explain this discovery. We’ll follow that with the solution to our recent trebuchet challenge question.

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It’s the most famous prediction of perhaps the most famous genius of our time … Stephen Hawking’s theory of Hawking Radiation.

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Quantum Vacuum Playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsPUh22kYmNAHB1W2_Ka2F83sObdczwKr

Previous Episode:
Should Space be Privatized?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJ7d503fN-g

Soon after Einstein revealed his great general theory of relativity in 1915, physicists realized that it allowed for the possibility of catastrophic gravitational collapse. In places of extreme density like the dead core of a massive star, space and time could be dragged inwards to create a hole in the universe: a boundary in spacetime called an event horizon that could be entered, but from beyond which nothing could return. Once formed, there was nothing in theory or imagination that could bring material consumed back to the outside universe. These black holes should exist forever – only growing, never shrinking.

References:

Black Hole Explosions?
S. W. Hawking (1974)
https://www.nature.com/articles/248030a0 (paywall)

Particle Breation by Black Holes
S. W. Hawking (1975)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007BF02345020 (paywall)
https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.cmp/1103899181

Hawking Radiation as Tunneling
M. K. Parikh & F. Wilczek (2002)
https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9907001

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Will the future of space exploration be guided by public or private entities? Which is better?
Learn more about CuriosityStream at https://curiositystream.com/spacetime

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Previous Episodes:
The Trebuchet Challenge
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7UOFZBEA_g

Death of the Sun
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJY3y5_k0do

On February 8th 2018, the eyes of the world once again fixed upon Cape Canaveral. This time, people watched with anticipation as SpaceX launched its new Falcon Heavy rocket. This was the first test of a rocket that may one day send people across the solar system. The near-simultaneous landing of its two booster rockets was like something out of a sci-fi flick. It looked like the future. The subsequent view of a cherry-red Tesla Roadster drifting through space was like something out of a Douglas Adams novel. The landmark launch of the Falcon Heavy rocket is a milestone in a new space race. One not between nations, but instead between private companies. Is this the best thing for the future of human space travel?

Links to Comments Response:
Stimuli
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJY3y5_k0do&lc=UgwGa3G9okwGJbcmINV4AaABAg

Dethde
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJY3y5_k0do&lc=UgzPK43QbAtjm4xtYJx4AaABAg

Lcra Arcl
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7UOFZBEA_g&lc=UgytIQalMVs5jSETirF4AaABAg

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Do you have what it takes to calculate the awesome power of the trebuchet?

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Kinetic and potential energy are defined as combinations of more basic quantities: position, velocity and mass. These combinations are chosen so that their sum is conserved. It’s actually remarkable that there’s any such combination of quantities that is conserved. This fact gives us insight into the fundamental symmetries of nature. It’s something we’ll get back to. Today I want to highlight the power of energy as a tool in calculation. We could get into fluid or stellar dynamics, or even quantum mechanics. But no, we’re going talk about something cooler – the trebuchet.

If you’re not familiar, shame on you, but here’s the deal: the trebuchet is, I suppose, a type of catapult, but it’s so much more. The internet agrees that the trebuchet is the greatest of all medieval siege engines. Opinion is divided on whether Chuck Norris would win a fight against a trebuchet. The hyperbole is kind of warranted. The trebuchet is incredibly efficient at converting the potential energy of a massive counterweight into the castle-destroying kinetic energy of a projectile. It relies on the mighty power of the lever.

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Graphics by Grayson Blackmon
Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow and Linda Huang
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

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