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Meet Alice and Bob, famous explorers of the abstract landscape of theoretical physics. Heroes of the gerdankenexperiment—the thought experiment—whose life mission is to find contradictions in the deepest layers of our theories. Today our intrepid pair are jumping into a black hole. Again. Why? Well, to determine the fundamental structure of spacetime and its connection to quantum entanglement of course.

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.

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Einstein was wrong about black holes, what else? Use code veritasium at the link below to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan: https://incogni.com/veritasium

A massive thank you to Prof. Geraint F. Lewis and Prof. Juan Maldacena for their expertise and help with this video.

A huge thank you to those who helped us understand this complicated topic: Dr. Suddhasattwa Brahma, Prof. Carlo Rovelli, Dr. Hal Haggard, Prof. Martin Bojowald, Dr. Francesca Vidotto, Prof. Andrew Hamilton, and Dr. Carl-Fredrik Nyberg Brodda.

A special thanks to Alessandro Roussel from ScienceClic for his spectacular simulations and feedback on the video. Check out his channel here: https://ve42.co/ScienceClic

An excellent book on this topic and an inspiration for this video: Cox, B., & Forshaw, J. (2023). Black holes: the key to understanding the universe.

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Join us on Patreon to watch an exclusive bonus video that expands on the topic of white holes https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Patrons: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni , TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References:
Thorne, K. (1995). Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein’s Outrageous Legacy.
Relativity Playlist by ScienceClic – https://ve42.co/SCPlaylist
Hamilton, A. J. S. (2021). General Relativity, Black Holes, and Cosmology – https://ve42.co/Hamilton2021
Black Hole Events by PBS Space Time – https://youtu.be/vNaEBbFbvcY?list=PLsPUh22kYmNBl4h0i4mI5zDflExXJMo_x
Newton’s Letters via The Newton Project – https://ve42.co/NewtonMail
Einstein, A. (1915). Die feldgleichungen der gravitation. – https://ve42.co/Einstein1915
Why Time and Space Swap by ScienceClic – https://youtu.be/GQZ3R81iyE0
Schwarzschild, K. (1916). Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie. – https://ve42.co/Schwarzschild1916
Wali, K. C. (1982). Chandrasekhar vs. Eddington—an unanticipated confrontation. – https://ve42.co/Wali1982
How to Build a Black Hole by PBS Space Time – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx4562gesw0
Oppenheimer, J. R., & Volkoff, G. M. (1939). On massive neutron cores. – https://ve42.co/TOVLimit
Oppenheimer, J. R., & Snyder, H. (1939). On continued gravitational contraction. – https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939
Schwarzschild Geometry by Andrew Hamilton – https://ve42.co/SchwarzGeom
Why all world maps are wrong by Vox – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIID5FDi2JQ
Hamilton, A. J., & Lisle, J. P. (2008). The river model of black holes. – https://ve42.co/HamiltonLisle2008
Mapping The Multiverse by PBS Space Time – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v9A9hQUcBQ
Rotating black hole via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiRBH
Wormhole Travel by PBS Space Time – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldVDM-v5uz0
Morris, M. S., & Thorne, K. S. (1988). Wormholes in spacetime and their use for interstellar travel. – https://ve42.co/MorrisThorne1988

Images & Video:
D3 Geo Projection Library by Mike Bostock https://ve42.co/d3geo
Interrupted Maps by Jason Davies https://ve42.co/DaviesMaps
Kazmierczak, J. et al. (2021). NASA’s NICER Tests Matter’s Limits. – https://ve42.co/NasaNICER
Bridgman, T. et al. (2024). M5.1 flare ‘Double Whammy’, at Active Regions 13559 and 13561. NASA SVS. – https://ve42.co/NasaFlare
Schnittman, J. et al. (2019). Black Hole Accretion Disk Visualization. – https://ve42.co/NasaAccrDisk
Wiessinger, S. et al. (2020). A Decade of Sun. NASA SVS. – https://ve42.co/NasaSunDecade
Skelly, C. et al. (2017). What is a Neutron Star? NASA SVS. – https://ve42.co/NasaNeutron
What would we see if we fell into a black hole by ScienceClic – https://youtu.be/4rTv9wvvat8
Earth texture – https://ve42.co/NASAEarth
First image of Sgr A* – https://ve42.co/EHT1
Image of M87 – https://ve42.co/EHT2
Polarized light image of Sgr A* – https://ve42.co/EHT3

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Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller and Will Wood
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, David Szakaly, Jonny Hyman, and Alessandro Roussel
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller
Additional research by Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Will Wood, Giovanna Utichi, Rob Beasley Spence, Gregor Čavlović, and Emily Taylor

Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks, and NASA SVS
Music from Epidemic Sound

The Collatz Conjecture is easy enough for almost anyone to understand but notoriously difficult to solve.

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The Moon has been one of the most important theoretical stepping stones to our understanding of the universe. We’ve long understood that it could also be our literal stepping stone: humanity’s first destination beyond our atmosphere.

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka

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Why are bicycles stable? The most common answer is gyroscopic effects, but this is not right.

Was the Nazca Mummies Press Conference the most wild press conference in human history?

Here is a video summary of #NazcaMummies press conference in English.

Dr. McDowell gave a full statement.

During that statement, Dr. McDowell said that this investigation should not be trivialized and should be taken very seriously.

“We have no definitive conclusions and it would be premature for me to say so…The statements made by our scientific team and any statement made by others must not be construed to be our opinions.” – Dr. McDowell

Lenz’s Law states that the direction of the induced current will oppose the change in flux that created it. Here’s how that looks in practice.

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Of all the astronomical phenomena you can witness, the total solar eclipse has to be the most visceral–the most in-your-face reminder that our reality consists of giant balls of rock spinning around stars. It’s also the eclipse and phenomena like it that set us on the path to understanding that reality in the first place.

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt Caplan & Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka

Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By:

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Craig Falls
Kane Holbrook
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