The number 37 is on your mind more than you think. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Huge thanks to Tom Magliery for sharing his 37 collection with us. Support http://thirty-seven.org by sharing your own 37 sightings to tom@thirty-seven.org!
Thanks to Dr. Todd Landman, the Academic Magician, for sharing his footage of the 37 Force. – https://www.todd-landman.com/

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Sam Lutfi, Lee Redden, Juan Benet, Richard Sundvall, Paul Peijzel, Gnare, Michael Krugman, Meekay, Ubiquity Ventures, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Bill Linder, Evgeny Skvortsov, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, john kiehl, Blake Byers, Stephen Wilcox, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, TTST, Orlando Bassotto, Anton Ragin, David Johnston, KeyWestr, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Chris Harper, Adam Foreman, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, I. H., Garrett Mueller, Bertrand Serlet, Kyi, wolfee, Matthias Wrobel

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References:
Simon, W. E. (1972). “Blue Seven Phenomenon” in Elementary and Jr. High Children. Psychological Reports – https://ve42.co/Simon1972
Trueman, J. (1979). Existence & Robustness of Blue Seven Phenomena. The Journal of General Psychology – https://ve42.co/Trueman1979
Saito, M. (1999). “Blue and Seven Phenomena” in Japanese Students. Perceptual & Motor Skills – https://ve42.co/Saito1999
Philbrick, J. L. (1976). Blue seven in East Africa: Preliminary report. Perceptual & Motor Skills – https://ve42.co/Philbrick1976
Hargreaves, S. (2009). The psychology of randomness. – https://ve42.co/Hargreaves2009
The 37 Force via The Magician’s Forum – https://ve42.co/37Force1
Fulves, K. (1979) Self-Working Mental Magic. Dover Publications, Inc. – https://ve42.co/Fulves1979
Random numbers via The Jargon File at catb.org – https://ve42.co/Jargon
Random Number Survey by MahoganyForest via Reddit – https://ve42.co/RedditRndm
Prime number theorem via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiPNT
Grossack, C. (2023). A truly incredible fact about the number 37. Grossack.site – https://ve42.co/Grossack2023
Least prime factor of n via oeis.org – https://ve42.co/LeastPrime
Fry, H. (2017). When should you settle down? ideas.ted.com – https://ve42.co/Fry2017
Choosing Toilets by Numberphile – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIOoCKO-ybQ
Seaton, R. (2014). The Secretary Problem Explained: Dating Mathematically. rs.io – https://ve42.co/Seaton2014

Images & Video:
Just 37 by Tom Magliery – https://ve42.co/Just37
R4000 Processor via Molecular Expressions – https://ve42.co/micro37
The “37” Cluster by Noel Carboni – https://ve42.co/NGC2169
Charles Fleischer via Wikimedia – https://ve42.co/Fleischer

▀▀▀
Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Asst edited by Luke Molloy
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Leigh Williamson
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Emily Zhang, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Michael Cimpher, and David Szasz
Additional research by Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Emily Zhang, Giovanna Utichi, Han Evans, and Emily Taylor

Thumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ren Hurley, and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

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There are four fundamental forces – the strong and weak nuclear forces, electromagnetism, and gravity. Except maybe gravity is no more fundamental than the force of a stretched elastic band. Maybe gravity is just an entropic byproduct—an emergent effect of the universe’s tendency to disorder. If you allow entropy to keep you in your seat for a bit, I’ll tell you all about it.

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Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.

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This is a video about how Japanese samurai swords, aka katanas, are made – from the gathering of the iron sand, to the smelting of the steel, to the forging of the blade. Head over to https://hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code ‘Veritasium’ for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever:
https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

CORRECTION: There’s a typo at 18:20. The combination of Ferrite and Cementite is Pearlite, not Perlite. Thanks, @neophoys for pointing it out.

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A massive thank you to John McBride for making this entire project happen. This would not have been possible without John. Please check out his japan walking tours https://walkjapan.com/
Massive thanks to Craig Mod, Inoue-san, everyone in the Tanabe family, and Takanashi-san. Also a massive thank you to Kevin Cashen – https://cashenblades.com/

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References:
Tanii, H., Inazumi, T., & Terashima, K. (2014). Mineralogical study of iron sand with different metallurgical characteristic to smelting with use of Japanese classic iron-making furnace “Tatara”. ISIJ international, 54(5), 1044-1050.

Tate, M. (2005). History of Iron and Steel Making Technology in Japan Mainly on the smelting of iron sand by Tatara. Tetsu-to-Hagane, 91(1), 2-10.

Krauss, G. (1999). Martensite in steel: strength and structure. Materials science and engineering: A, 273, 40-57.

Krauss, G., & Marder, A. R. (1971). The morphology of martensite in iron alloys. Metallurgical Transactions, 2, 2343-2357.

Yalçın, Ü. (1999). Early iron metallurgy in Anatolia. Anatolian Studies, 49, 177-187.

Kapp, L., Kapp, H., & Yoshihara, Y. (1987). The craft of the Japanese sword. Kodansha International.

Matsumoto, C., Das, A. K., Ohba, T., Morito, S., Hayashi, T., & Takami, G. (2013). Characteristics of Japanese sword produced from tatara steel. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 577, S673-S677.

Inoue, T. (2010). Tatara and the Japanese sword: the science and technology. Acta Mechanica, 214(1), 17-30.

Images & Video:

Great video from NHK – https://ve42.co/NHK

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Directed by Petr Lebedev
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Filmed by Petr Lebedev and Lui Kimishima
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Han Evans, Giovanna Utichi, Emily Taylor
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Space seems fundamental. To build a universe, surely you need something to build it on or in. Many, maybe most physicists now think that the fabric of space emerges from something deeper. And perhaps the most existentially disturbing such proposal is that our 3-D universe is just the inward projection of an infinitely distant boundary. A hologram, or sorts. Let’s see how that can actually work, and what the holographic principle really says about the “realness” of this universe.

Check Out the Holographic Universe Playlist
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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
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Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.

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In 1974 we sent the Arecibo radio message towards Messier 13, a globular cluster near the edge of the Milky Way, made up of a few hundred thousand stars. The message was mostly symbolic; we weren’t really expecting a reply. Yet surely other civilisations out there are doing the same thing. So, why haven’t we heard anything? What if the silence from the stars is a hint that we shouldn’t be so outgoing? What if aliens are deliberately keeping quiet for fear that they might be destroyed?

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Richard Dyer & Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
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Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell

Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.

End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroideka

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Concrete = cement + sand + gravel. Cement is the most important man-made material on Earth.

SHOW ME THE MUMMIES! The 3 Fingered “Alien Mummies” of Peru

I have been in Peru interviewing doctors, journalists, and some of the original investigators that believe the tridactyl mummies are real. This story has so many incredible twists and turns and ended up being a very entertaining drama.

My goal was to present this for everyone to understand a comprehensive story of how the humanoid beings that were presented to the Mexican Congress, came to be and get everyone up to date on the recent drama that has unfolded.

Tomorrow, March 12th, there is a press conference that will be held which the proponents are advertising as a grass roots disclosure which will cause a paradigm shattering moment for humanity.

Whether that remains to be true or not, I do not know…However, I hope this video helps get you caught up to speed on the Nazca Mummies.

What a truly bizarre story. If these are a hoax, it is my opinion that they are one of the greatest hoaxes of all time.

What do you think?

Music – CO.AG – Off World

Many of the photos and videos I used were from the Inkari Institute at http://www.the-alien-project.com

Timestamps

0:00 Opening scene in an ancient petroglyph field near Palpa
1:06 Mummies presented at Mexican Congress
3:54 Heading to Ica to see a presentation on the Mummies
5:07 Interviewing one of the first researchers, Edward Valenzuela.
8:57 Edward gives his top reasons as to why he thinks they are real
12:16 Dr. Irvin Zuniga tells me about the anomalies he found in his surgical analysis of the mummies
12:31 Do the ancient geoglyphs and petroglyphs hold clues?
24:12 Jois Mantilla confront the Ministry of Culture
24:23 The Ministry of Culture denies my request to interview Flavio Estrada
25:52 Jois Mantilla Interview. An open invitation for all scientists to come study the mummies.
27:42 Jaime Maussan reflects on when he first heard about the mummies
31:28 Are some of the mummies heads made from Llama skulls?
33:48 Is it at all possible the man who discovered these has the skills necessary to make them?
37:02 A highly credentialed surgeon from Mexico’s Navy believes that the mummies are authentic.
38:35 The Roswell Slides Fiasco
39:19 American Filmmaker believes the March 12th announcement is going to be Catastrophic Disclosure.
43:01 Jaime Maussan wants Peruvian Anthropologist to eat a Cockroach covered in Mayonnaise.
43:58 If these are a hoax then it is quite possibly the greatest hoax of all time.

Do odd perfect numbers exist? Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever:
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A massive thank you to Prof. Pace Nielsen for all his time and help with this video.

A big thank you to Dr. Asaf Karagila, Pascal Ochem, Prof. Tianxin Cai, and Prof. William Dunham for their expertise and help.

To try GIMPS out yourself: https://ve42.co/GIMPS

These sources were particularly helpful:
Perfect numbers via MacTutor – https://ve42.co/MTPerfect
Cai, T. (2022). Perfect numbers and fibonacci sequences. World Scientific. – https://ve42.co/Cai2022
Dunham, W. (2022). Euler: The master of us all (Vol. 22). American Mathematical Society. – https://ve42.co/Dunham2022

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References:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0xKHwQH-4I&pp=ygUPcGVyZmVjdCBudW1iZXJz
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8n15q1v4Xo&pp=ygUPcGVyZmVjdCBudW1iZXJz
Dickson, L. E. (1919). History of the Theory of Numbers.. (Vol. 1). Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Knill, O. (2007). The oldest open problem in mathematics. NEU Math Circle, December2. – https://ve42.co/Knill2007
Perfect number via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiPerfect
Introduction to Arithmetic via HalthiTrust – https://ve42.co/IntroArithmetic
Nicomachus of Gerasa via MacTutor – https://ve42.co/MTNicomachus
Sonja, B. (1988). The First Perfect Numbers and Three Types of Amicable Numbers in a Manuscript on Elementary Number Theory by Ibn Fellûs. Erdem, c. IV, 11. – https://ve42.co/Sonja1988
Ibn Fallus via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiFallus
Mersenne prime via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiMP
List of Known Mersenne Prime Numbers – https://ve42.co/ListOfMP
Marin Mersenne via MacTutor – https://ve42.co/MTMersenne
Leonhard Euler via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiEuler
Frank Nelson Cole via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiFNCole
GIMPS History via Mersenne.org – https://ve42.co/GIMPSHistory
EFF Cooperative Computing Awards via EFF – https://ve42.co/EFFAwards
Jonathan Pace via Primewiki – https://ve42.co/PWikiPace
Book with just one number sells out in Japan via BastillePost – https://ve42.co/PrimeBook
Predicted distribution of Mersenne primes via John D. Cook – https://ve42.co/JDCookMP
Euler’s Odd Perfect Numbers Theorem via Cantor’s Paradise – https://ve42.co/EulerOPN
A Perfect (Math) Mystery via Medium – https://ve42.co/Machado2024
Brent, R. P., Cohen, G. L., & te Riele, H. J. (1991). Improved techniques for lower bounds for odd perfect numbers. Mathematics of Computation, 57(196), 857-868. – https://ve42.co/Brent1991
Ochem, P., & Rao, M. (2012). Odd perfect numbers are greater than 10¹⁵⁰⁰. Mathematics of Computation, 81(279), 1869-1877. – https://ve42.co/Ochem2012
Mathematicians Open a New Front on an Ancient Number Problem via Quantamagazine – https://ve42.co/QuantaSpoofs
Descartes number via Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiDescartesNumber
Andersen, N., Durham, S., Griffin, M. J., Hales, J., Jenkins, P., Keck, R., … & Wu, D. (2022). Odd, spoof perfect factorizations. Journal of Number Theory, 234, 31-47. – https://ve42.co/Andersen2022
Pomerance’s Heuristic that Odd Perfect Numbers are Unlikely via OddPerfect.org – https://ve42.co/Heuristic

Images & Video:
Clip of Piergiorgio Odifreddi – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0paHEA8-gA
Euclid’s Elements 1 via Claymath – https://ve42.co/CM1
Euclid’s Elements 2 via Claymath – https://ve42.co/CM2
Euclid’s Elements 3 via Claymath – https://ve42.co/CM3
Diophanti – https://ve42.co/Diophanti
Gauss book – https://ve42.co/GaussDis
Euler’s Archive 1 – https://ve42.co/Euler1
Euler’s Archive 2 – https://ve42.co/Euler2

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

▀▀▀
Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, Alondra Vitae, Alex Drakoulis, and Leigh Williamson
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Peter Nelson
Additional research by Aaron Santos, Camilla Machado, and Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Casper Mebius, Gregor Čavlović, Han Evans, and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to:http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE

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EMPs aren’t science fiction. Real militaries are experimenting on real EMP generators, and as Starfish Prime showed us, space nukes can send powerful EMPs to the surface. So what exactly is an EMP, and how dangerous are they?

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Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Matt O’Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
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How the Black-Scholes/Merton equation made trillions of dollars. Go to https://www.eightsleep.com/veritasium and use the code Veritasium for $200 off your Pod Cover.

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The Man Who Solved the Market: How Jim Simons launched the quant revolution, Gregory Zuckerman. Penguin Publishing Group. – https://ve42.co/GZuckerman

The Physics of Finance: Predicting the Unpredictable: Can Science Beat the Market? James Owen Weatherall. Short Books. – https://ve42.co/FinancePhysics

The Statistical Mechanics of Financial Markets, J.Voigt. Springer. – https://ve42.co/Springer

Black, F., & Scholes, M. (1973). The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. Journal of political economy, 81(3), 637-654. – https://ve42.co/BlackScholes

Cornell, B. (2020). Medallion fund: The ultimate counterexample?. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 46(4), 156-159. – https://ve42.co/Medallion

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Directed by Will Wood and Derek Muller
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