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What exactly will happen when the sun dies?

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Previous Episode:
What is Energy?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUn2izowBkw&t=25s

Like living things, stars have a life cycle. They’re born inside of a cloud of gas and dust, they live their lives fusing hydrogen into helium in their cores, shining bright and stable for as long as that hydrogen lasts. Then they die, each going out in its own beautiful way. How a star dies depends on its mass. The bigger they are, the shorter their lives and the more sublime their deaths.

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What happens when a star eats its planets? Find out on today’s Space Time Journal Club.

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Previous Episode:
The End of Habitable Zone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwGeCfWc100

RESOURCES
Starlifting
https://youtu.be/pzuHxL5FD5U

Kronos & Krios: Evidence for Accretion of a Massive, Rocky Planetary System in a Comoving Pair of Solar-Type Stars
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1709.05344.pdf
https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.05344

Korycansky, Laughlin & Adams 2000
https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/41972/10509_2004_Article_282187.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Our story begins where every story begins. In the heart of a vast cloud of gas and dust drifting through interstellar space. It is here that stars are born. We’ve talked about this process before, so in short: essentially all stars form in these stellar nurseries, and they form in the many thousands before being ejected from their birth clusters to wander the galaxy. Our Sun wanders alone, and we have no idea where its sibling stars might be.

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Learn through active problem-solving at Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/SpaceTime/ The Sun is getting brighter and the planets in our solar system that are habitable are changing.

Check out Infinite Series at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs4aHmggTfFrpkPcWSaBN9g

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Previous Episode:
Horizon Radiation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bG-xu5H6plk&t=1s

The Sun is slowly burning through its fuel. Hydrogen is fused into helium in the Sun’s core, producing energy that keeps it shining, and keeping the Earth warm and hospitable to life. But that fuel WILL run out, after which the Sun will swell into a red giant and flash-fry the Earth. But in fact that frying – well, slow-roasting – will begin much earlier. See, the Sun is getting brighter even now. This has complex, and for the most part terrible implications for life. The end of the world will come sooner than you think.

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Learn about Horizon radiation and why it’s essential for us to understand as we continue our journey towards the Unruh Effect and Hawking Radiation.

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Previous Episode:
What Do Stars Sound Like?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbWyuJYybMA

Source material for our Sounds of Stars episode: MPL3D Solar System – Star Sounds”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ogyKgV4KN4

Both theories of relativity, special and general, tell us that many things are observer dependent. Different observers might disagree about the speeds, lengths, or times, but the laws of physics should be the same for everyone. And for two observers with very different, but constant speeds – inertial observers – the vacuum itself should appear the same.

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Find the experience here:
https://www.oculus.com/experiences/gear-vr/1499563420081410/

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Find out about the last time and the next time the Earth will be hit by a Gamma-ray Burst. You can learn more about your personal DNA story by going to https://23andme.com/spacetime

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Previous Episode:
The Origin of Our First Interstellar Visitor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYGs92-qnFY

Gamma-ray bursts are much less common than regular supernovae, and in fact regular supernovae can do just as much damage as a GRB. However, for a supernova to produce the same effects it needs to be much closer – within 20 to 30 light years. There are definitely no stars in that range that could explode any time soon. However the Sun isn’t stationary. It orbits the Milky Way, and its galactic neighbors come and go. Maybe in a few 250-million-year orbits we stellar timebomb will wander into our vicinity. However it’s really the GRBs that are most likely to hit us first, and hit us more often. We should certainly expect one in the next half-to-one-billion years, even if it’s not WR104.

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We were recently visited by a traveler from outside our solar system. This is the first time we’ve ever seen an object that came to us from interstellar space. It’s name is ‘Oumuamua. Check out http://curiositystream.com/spacetime

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Previous Episode:
Understanding the Uncertainty Principle with Quantum Fourier Series
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izqaWyZsEtY

In this Space Time Journal Club we look into the origins of ‘Oumuamua, an asteroid visiting us from beyond our solar system! We’ll focus on the results of:

“The origin of interstellar asteroidal objects like 1I/2017 U1”
Portegies Zwart, Pelupessy, Bedorf, Cai & Torres 2017
https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.03558

On October 19th this year astronomers spotted an object moving rapidly away from the sun. The discovery was made by Pan-STARRS – the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System: a group of telescopes that constantly monitor the sky for moving or variable objects like asteroids or comets, It was initially thought to be a new comet, but after 34 days of follow up observations and a bit of orbital mechanics, it became abundantly clear that we were looking at the first object ever observed that came from outside our solar system. The mysterious object has been dubbed 1I: the first object in a brand new International Astronomical Union class, with “I” standing for “interstellar”. 1I also scored a more poetic name: ‘Oumuamua, from the Hawaiian meaning “a messenger from afar arriving fast”.

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Max Levine
Matthew O’Connor
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Sometimes intuitive, large-scale phenomena can give us incredible insights into the extremely unintuitive world of quantum mechanics. Sign up for your free trial of The Great Courses Plus at http://ow.ly/HAvT30beNAj

Today the humble sound wave is going to open the door to really understanding Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, and, ultimately quantum fields and Hawking radiation.

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Previous Episode:
Citizen Science + Zero-Point Challenge Answer | Space Time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFB8MsizvBc

One of the most difficult ideas to swallow in quantum mechanics is Werner Heisenberg’s famous uncertainty principle. It expresses the fundamental limit on the knowability of our universe. We’ve discussed it in our early videos on quantum mechanics, but it’s time we looked a little deeper. See, the apparent weirdness of the uncertainty principle hints at the even weirder underlying reality that gives rise to it. The universe we experience seems to be constructed of singular particles with well-defined properties. But this intuitive, mechanical reality is emergent from underlying reality in which the particles that form matter arise from of the combination of an infinity of possible properties. And forget matter – the vacuum itself is the sum of infinite possible particles. If we fully unravel this idea we’ll be on the verge of tackling things like Hawking radiation. But as you’ll see today, in that unraveling we are led, unavoidably, to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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The future of science is you.

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Previous Episode:
Suicide Space Robots | Space Time
https://youtu.be/_x2nL6ukJDg

The professional astronomer or astrophysicist is a pretty recent phenomenon. In the past, astronomy was often performed by nobility and extremely enthusiastic amateurs. Take William Herschel: by trade a classically trained musician, but as an amateur astronomer he discovered Uranus and was the first to observe binary star systems, among other things. Although it seems like the scientific exploration of our universe is now in the hands of full-time career astro-professionals, a ton of really valuable science is still done by people with proper day jobs. Today I want to talk about some of the stunning contributions still being made by citizen scientists, and the contributions YOU can make.

Links to citizen science programs:
JunoCam: http://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam
AAVSO: http://www.aavso.org
Zooniverse: http://www.zooniverse.org
Galaxy Zoo http://www.galaxyzoo.org
Backyard Worlds: backyardworlds.org
Seti@Home: setiathome.berkeley.edu
Einstein@Home einsteinathome.org
MilkyWay@Home milkyway.cs.rpi.edu/milkyway

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
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Let’s take a moment to remember the selfless sacrifices made by some amazing robotic explorers. And be sure to learn more about your personal DNA story by going to https://www.23andMe.com/spacetime and taking advantage of their special holiday offer.

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Previous Episode:
Zero-Point Energy Demystified | Space Time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rh898Yr5YZ8

It takes a lot of tech to send humans into space and to keep people alive up there, and get them safely home. But we have few qualms about sending robots on one-way suicide missions to the stars. And in some cases, the very destruction of these probes is part of the scientific experiment. Or in the case of the recent destruction of Cassini, to protect the solar system for future experiments. Today we’re going to memorialize the robots that have given their lives for in the name of space exploration.

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Drew Rosen and Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Graphics by Kurt Ross
Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow
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Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters:

Big Bang
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Quasar
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Edmund Fokschaner
Max Levine
Matthew O’Connor
Eugene Lawson
Barry Hatfield
Martha Hunt
Joseph Salomone
Chuck Zegar
Craig Peterson
Jordan Young
Ratfeast
John Hofmann

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Erik Stein
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J Rejc
Amy Jie
Avi Goldfinger
John Pettit
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