This is a video about the most famous problem in Game Theory, the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

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If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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A massive thank you to Prof. Robert Axelrod and Prof. Steven Strogatz for their expertise and time.

To read more about Prof. Axelrod’s Passion for Cooperation visit: https://ve42.co/Axelrod2023

A massive thanks to the wonderful Nicky Case. Nicky’s “The Evolution of Trust” game was a huge inspiration for this video. We highly recommend you play this excellent game yourself, over at: https://ncase.me/trust/

A huge thank you to those who helped us understand and fact check different parts of this topic – Dr. Christian Hilbe, Dr. Vincent Knight, Dr. Jelena Grujic, Prof. Andreas Diekmann, and Dr. Alexander Stewart.

▀▀▀
References:
Excellent game on the evolution of trust by Nicky Case – https://ve42.co/Case2023
Summary of Axelrod’s work by This Place – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOvAbjfJ0x0
How to outsmart the Prisoner’s Dilemma by TED-Ed – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emyi4z-O0ls&pp=ygUScHJpc29uZXIncyBkaWxlbW1h
Tit for Tat by radiolab – https://ve42.co/T4T
The Golden Rule by radiolab – https://ve42.co/GoldenRule
Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation.
Dawkins, R. (2016). The selfish gene. Oxford university press.
Poundstone, W. (1992). Prisoner’s Dilemma. William Poundstone.
Nowak, M. A., & Highfield, R. (2011). Supercooperators. Edinburgh: Canongate.
Binmore, K. (2007). Game theory: a very short introduction. OUP Oxford.
Northrup, L. & Rock, D. (1966). The Detection of Joe I. – https://ve42.co/JOE1
Prisoner’s dilemma, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiPD
Prisoner’s Dilemma, Stanford – https://ve42.co/StanfordPD
Flood, M. M. (1952). Some experimental games. – https://ve42.co/Flood1952
Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiNWS
Goodwin, I. (1998). The Price of Victory in Cold War – https://ve42.co/Goodwin1998
Cold war: How it happened. – https://ve42.co/CW2014
Axelrod, R. (1980). Effective choice in the prisoner’s dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(1), 3-25. – https://ve42.co/Axelrod1980a
Axelrod, R. (1980). More effective choice in the prisoner’s dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(3), 379-403. – https://ve42.co/Axelrod1980b
Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. science, 211(4489), 1390-1396. https://ve42.co/Axelrod1981
Stanislav Petrov, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiSP
Wu, J., & Axelrod, R. (1995). How to cope with noise in the iterated prisoner’s dilemma. Journal of Conflict resolution, 39(1), 183-189. – https://ve42.co/Wu1995
INF Treaty – https://ve42.co/INF
START Treaties – https://ve42.co/START
START I, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/WikiSTART

Images & Video:
RAND Historical images via rand.org – https://ve42.co/RAND
Golden Balls – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0qjK3TWZE8
Zotti, G., et al. (2021). The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research – https://ve42.co/Stellarium
Newspapers from 1980s via Newspapers.com – https://ve42.co/Newspapers
Decommisioned nuke image via The Moscow Times – https://ve42.co/MT2012
Soviet inspection image via Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists – https://ve42.co/Krzyzaniak2019
Decommissioning nuclear weapon via ShareAmerica – https://ve42.co/Kaufman2014

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The headline of this article, “AI trends: What experts, execs think artificial intelligence will look like in 2024“, makes an point. In most industries, what things will look like next year is what they look like this year… but AI is different. AI will move fast. Then, very fast. Though some companies, institutions and individuals have been researching and developing AI for decades, the race is now properly on. Buckle your seatbelts, folks, and pray for a good outcome.

“AI trends: What experts, execs think artificial intelligence will look like in 2024”
https://finance.yahoo.com/m/87fdc44c-80be-3a9d-9d01-c44d00e43039/ai-trends-what-experts-.html

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A fun nightmare sci-fi scenario is the sun being consumed by a black hole. Fortunately the chance of a black hole randomly wandering into our solar system is pretty tiny. That’s good news. But what if it’s already here, hiding in the core of the Sun and slowly eating it from the inside out?

Hawking Stars Journal Papers:
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad04de
https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.07647

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How does Japan prepare for its devastating earthquakes? With this giant simulator. For a free trial to Shopify go to https://www.shopify.com/veritasium.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to https://ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically.

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A massive thank you to everyone at NIED for allowing access to their facility. Massive thanks to Okouchi-san for arranging this shoot.

A huge thank you to Dr. Yohsuke Kawamata for the tour of E-defense and for sharing his deep expertise.

▀▀▀
References:
Nakashima, M., et al. (2018). Experiences, accomplishments, lessons, and challenges of E‐defense. Tests using world’s largest shaking table. Japan Architectural Review, 1(1), 4-17. – https://ve42.co/Nakashima
Suganuma, K. (2005). 3-D Full-Scale Earthquake Testing Facility (E-Defense). NISTEP Science & Technology Foresight Center. – https://ve42.co/Suganuma
Ohtani, K., et al. (2004). Construction of E-Defense (3-D full-scale earthquake testing facility). In Thirteenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (Vol. 189). – https://ve42.co/Ohtani
Horiuchi, T., et al. (2022). Contributions of E-Defense Shaking Table to Earthquake Engineering and its Future. Journal of Disaster Research, 17(6), 985-999. – https://ve42.co/Horiuchi
Nakamura, I., et al. (2008). E-Defense experiments on full-scale wooden houses. In Proceedings of the 14th World conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing, China (pp. 12-17). – https://ve42.co/Nakamura
Japan: The Next Big Quake. Financial Times. – https://ve42.co/BigQuake

Images & Video:
Kobe earthquake compilation – https://ve42.co/Kobe

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Follow Tesla Talk on X with hosts Whole Mars Catalog, Sawyer Merritt, and Stock Talk. You can find the full space here: https://twitter.com/i/spaces/1mnxepDgvLvJX?s=20

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I worked at Tesla starting in July of 2017 as an Operations Analyst out of the Bethlehem, PA distribution center facility and left as a Program Manager based out of Austin, TX as of September 2021. I spent most of my time in the distribution and supply chain organizations.

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We’re almost certainly the first technological civilization on Earth. But what if we’re not? We are. Although how sure are we, really? The Silurian hypothesis, which asks whether pre-human industrial civilizations might have existed.

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Before Tesla, I was a Director of Business Intelligence and Pricing at the largest Pet Food & Supply distributor in the US, Phillips Pet Food & Supplies based out of Easton, PA. My wife and I also owned a small business in Bethlehem, PA between 2016 and 2019.

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150 million ago, Southeastern Colorado was a tropical climate with dinosaurs roaming the land. The Apatosaurus and Allosaurus have left remnants of their presence in the ground with over 1900 footprints that have been preserved in the rock. The location of the tracks was previously a muddy bank of a lake during the Jurassic era. Today, the Comanche National Grassland hosts North America’s largest dinosaur track site, which are found along the shores of the Purgatoire river, forming over 130 trackways.

If you would like to support my work, please consider buying my book Enigmatic North America: Legends, Oddities, and Controversial History, which is available on Amazon! – https://www.amazon.com/Enigmatic-North-America-Oddities-Controversial/product-reviews/B0CLK35R13/ref=cm_cr_dp_d_show_all_btm?ie=UTF8&reviewerType=all_reviews

Music – CO.AG – Kneel Before Your God

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I worked at Tesla starting in July of 2017 as an Operations Analyst out of the Bethlehem, PA distribution center facility and left as a Program Manager based out of Austin, TX as of September 2021. I spent most of my time in the distribution and supply chain organizations.

Before Tesla, I was a Director of Business Intelligence and Pricing at the largest Pet Food & Supply distributor in the US, Phillips Pet Food & Supplies based out of Easton, PA. My wife and I also owned a small business in Bethlehem, PA between 2016 and 2019.

I have been a shareholder of Tesla since 2012 and currently own Tesla stock.

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If you like this content I would greatly appreciate your likes and shares!

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The mystery of what happens when we go from a superposition to a definite state is known as the Measurement Problem, and it’s arguably the most mysterious outstanding problem in physics. The different interpretations of quantum mechanics are really about solving the measurement problem. But Many Worlds offers one thing that the other interpretations do not: there’s no collapse of the wavefunction – which might be the key to solving the measurement problem?

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