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Will Starshot’s Insterstellar Journey Succeed?

May 4, 2016 / / 0 Comments

Will Breakthrough Starshot make it to Alpha Centauri? Let’s find out.

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Yuri Milner’s Breakthrough Starshot is an interstellar travel expedition unlike any other before it. It’s many years in the making and is contingent on a series of incredible advancements in nanotechnology, materials science and laser power. Despite these hurdles, the project has been backed by some of the greatest minds in science today, including Stephen Hawking, legendary engineer Freeman Dyson, UK Astronomer Royal Martin Rees and dark energy Nobel Laureate Saul Perlmutter. Just how likely is it that Starshot’s journey to Alpha Centauri will succeed?

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

And be sure to check out our good friend Physics Girl’s video on Lightsails! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIuvIDhcs8E
Comments
Satya Prakash
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUE_LUqcTvM&lc=z12hu3v5llqfinenf22zfvo5eur2vftyy04

Scot McPhee
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUE_LUqcTvM&lc=z13qwhvw1t3jxxpuz23rwhggwmqgfh3xy04

Sandeep Siwach
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUE_LUqcTvM&lc=z12vxzcyxnbncpm0j22ozrtwqyi4fff5204

Accessless
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUE_LUqcTvM&lc=z13thniqovzydhqcn22tf10y2waahjjhu04

Adrian Abdel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUE_LUqcTvM&lc=z124f52hsxaoi3o0a22aex3hqoiaxtvdl

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Breakthrough Starshot Initiative
http://breakthroughinitiatives.org/Initiative/3

Geoffrey Landis on light sails
http://www.geoffreylandis.com/laser_ion.htp

What Does Dark Energy Really Do?

April 27, 2016 / / 0 Comments

Dark energy, what exactly does it do? Find out in this episode of Space Time! Part 3 in our Dark Energy series.
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4PayaEgEZc
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How does dark energy affect the universe’s expansion? Measuring past expansion history should tell us the future expansion without ever having to count any galaxies. To measure this we need to measure the redshift-distance relationship, which we will talk about in detail in this episode.

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Comments
Pravar Parekh
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4PayaEgEZc&lc=z13yy1xzenqrj1tnp22etlby2syevrie4

Yeshwanth Vejendla
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4PayaEgEZc&lc=z13pvhdpjrfcsl14u04ce3dgrzy5frjqb34

Thomas Waclav (Ceasar)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4PayaEgEZc&lc=z13fcd5quk3svhbp304cfdjbwwndihnqwj0

Austin Pinheiro
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4PayaEgEZc&lc=z12zgtdockbruxrih04cib2qwqfhgnrxjk00k
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White dwarf supernova simulation from “Three-Dimensional Simulations of the Deflagration Phase of the Gravitationally Confined Detonation Model of Type Ia Supernovae”, Jordan et al., 2007, http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0703573

Supernova Cosmology Project: Perlmutter et al. 1999, http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9812133

High-Z Supernova Search Team: Riess et al. 1998, http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9805201

Why the Universe Needs Dark Energy

April 20, 2016 / / 0 Comments

Part 2 in our Dark Energy series.
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8

Check out our sister channel Crash Course Physics to learn more about the basic foudations of Physics:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZM8ECpBuQYE&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtN0ge7yDk_UA0ldZJdhwkoV

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Now that we know the universe will continue to expand forever, we can begin to complete the first Friedmann equation, and determine the shape and geometry of our universe. At first glance, it would seem that the equation doesn’t quite add up, and that our universe is a hyperbolic plane. But when we add in the cosmological constant, the equation balances out, and we return to a flat universe.

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COMMENTS:

Deiter Meena
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8&lc=z13uzj2y2uf2xl3ck23zwfuxkqyzidsfh

Jack W
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8&lc=z13rih2gupnudr3x004cjbw4pyryezmi0ig

Mychelly Goulart
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8&lc=z13mzpkq3qauip1xw04cjvoxxsj1fhv5uac

Tomek Wooff
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8&lc=z12hxbtrbvezin5ra04cd3cyrou3fxk55o00k

Mr B
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8&lc=z13qfhkoclzqf11dx235d3zj0zucyjsxj04

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Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Will the Universe Expand Forever?

April 13, 2016 / / 0 Comments

Will the Universe continue to expand outward or will it succumb to gravity and collapse upon itself? Find out in this episode of Space Time. Help us win a Webby Award by voting here: https://pv.webbyawards.com/2016/online-film-video/video-channels-and-networks/science-education

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Throughout history, there has been much speculation about what the fate of the universe would be. Many theorized that the universe would eventually succumb to the pull of gravity, and reverse its expansion in what was being called ‘The Big Crunch.’ However, with the help of mathematical equations from Newton, Einstein, and Alexander Friedmann, we now have an answer.

Special thanks to NAOJ and the European Southern Observatory for allowing usage of their photo of M83: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap151008.html

Flourine production in lower mass stars: http://phys.org/news/2014-08-toothpaste-fluorine-stars.html
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Correction:
escape velocity = square root of (2GM/r)
– we accidentally left out the 2
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COMMENTS:

Henrique Rigitano
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yLGeviU8FM&lc=z12menfxkpjnwfkfw23ehh4jwmqgst3ag04

ReVenGe TheRedFireFox
[deleted]

Richard van der Linden
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yLGeviU8FM&lc=z13vglqyqzz4zbljq04cfthoqynjxhpwer00k

Mason Glaves
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yLGeviU8FM&lc=z12cgzexssvbzb5ls23csfyq4papudwco

Rod Landaeta
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yLGeviU8FM&lc=z13icr0jtzzqj5ro304cjjmbnpqstrnx52c

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Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

We Are Star Stuff

April 6, 2016 / / 0 Comments

Joni Mitchell was right, we are stardust.

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Stars are our stellar alchemists. They spend their entire lifespan creating and molding elements. In their final moments, a supernova spreads these elements out into the universe, providing the building blocks for new stars, planets, and even us!

‘The Recipe For Life…’ by It’s Okay To Be Smart
http://bit.ly/1UJbRkn

Colliding neutron stars produce heavy elements
Berger, Fong & Chornock 2013 http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.3960
https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2013-19

Stellar Alchemist song by Kim Boekbinder
http://kimboekbinder.bandcamp.com/
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COMMENTS:

Al Hartman
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blSTT…

dredawgz1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blSTT…

Adrian Blue
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blSTT…

mukul gupta
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blSTT…

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Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Pulsar Starquakes Make Fast Radio Bursts? + Challenge Winners! | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

March 30, 2016 / / 0 Comments

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Fast Radio Bursts were puzzling physicist for quite some time. They were thought to be the result of large cataclysmic events such as supernovae, but this theory was proven wrong when it was discovered that they could repeat themselves. Now, we think that the rotation of young neutron stars may be the source of these intense energy bursts.

FURTHER READING:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_radio_burst
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CHALLENGE ANSWER 1:
13.7 billion light years

CHALLENGE ANSWER 2:
7500 light years

CHALLENGE WINNERS:

Ada Warren
Jesús Pestana Puerta
Joel Vallette
Isobel Taylor
Corwin Pearson
Duc Hoang

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Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

How Cosmic Inflation Flattened the Universe

March 23, 2016 / / 0 Comments

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How does Inflation solve the Big Bang’s problems?

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Although much of the Big Bang Theory is widely accepted to be true, it only gets us part of the way there. Observable truths such as the CMB and the flatness of our universe reveal that there is no way the universe has been expanding at a constant rate since its beginning. It turns out Cosmic Inflation solves the Big Bang’s major problems quite well. So well in fact, that we might not even need a Big Bang at all!

Why is the Earth Round and the Milky Way Flat? | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

March 16, 2016 / / 0 Comments

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Why does our universe make spheres and disks?

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Our universe is not a very diverse place when it comes to shapes. Large celestial bodies become spheres, galaxies become discs, and there is little room for variation. Why is this? Well it turns out physics has some pretty strict rules when it comes to creating new planetary bodies. On this week’s Space Time, we explore equillibrium and symmetry, the two defining factors that shape our universe.

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COMMENTS:

Felix Ironfist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDmKLXVFJzk&lc=z12dwzk4iquld5g0323uivizxm2xxxdk2

Florent POUJOL
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDmKLXVFJzk&lc=z13pcn3rgpzxexgym04cfbeokpeaspzidjw

Reuben Silva
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDmKLXVFJzk&lc=z12bcv4w0muzd3ihm04cchbp0s3kyjpj3p00k

Dom Vasta
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDmKLXVFJzk&lc=z13ns1kqdw2kf5bzm04ccd4arybjvvvgcow0k

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Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Cosmic Microwave Background Challenge | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

March 9, 2016 / / 0 Comments

If a photon leaves the train station shortly after the Big Bang …

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REFRESHER EPISODES:

Space Used to Be Orange!!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tCMd1ytvWg

Why the Big Bang Definitely Happened
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPStj2ZuXug

Question #1: What physical distance did the light from the CMB travel through an expanding universe to reach us today?

Question #2: What average distance could a photon travel before being scattered by an electron just before recombination? (show your work!)

Choose one question to answer.

Email answers to pbsspacetime@gmail.com

Make sure you title your email: “CMB Challenge”

5 random winners will receive a PBS Space Time Digital Studios t-shirt!

Good luck!
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If you would like to attend Matt’s gravitational waves seminar on March 14th in NYC, email pbsspacetime@gmail.com with the subject line “NYC Gravitational Waves” for more details!
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Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

What’s Wrong With the Big Bang Theory? | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

March 2, 2016 / / 0 Comments

There’s a problem with the Big Bang Theory.

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Now that we have a primer on the aspects of the Big Bang Theory that we know definitely happened, let’s look further into what we don’t yet know, and how the theory could progress in the future. Since there is a discrepancy between general relativity and quantum mechanics, we continue to search for a grand unifying theory… one which may finally lead to a description of the actual moment of the Big Bang! On this week’s Space Time, Matt describes what specifically needs fixing within the current theory, and the reasons why.