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Einstein’s special theory of relativity combines space and time into one dynamic, unified entity – spacetime. But if time is connected to space, could the universe be anything but deterministic? And does that mean that the future is predestined?

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Is all that exists just whatever exists right now? Is the past erased and the future a void yet to be filled? Well, the answer lies in between the past and the future – in the elusive, ever-moving eye-blink that we call the present.

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The General Theory of Relativity tells us gravity is not a force, gravitational fields don’t exist. Objects tend to move on straight paths through curved spacetime. Thanks to Caséta by Lutron for sponsoring this video. Find out more at: https://www.lutron.com/veritasium

Huge thanks to Prof. Geraint Lewis for hours of consulting on this video so I could get these ideas straight in my own brain. Check out his YouTube channel: https://ve42.co/gfl or his books: https://ve42.co/GFLbooks

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If you rank the most habitable places in our solar system Venus lands pretty low, with surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead and sulphuric acid rain. And yet it may have just jumped to the front of the pack. In fact, we may have detected the signature of alien life – Venusian life -for the first time.

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Your extensive posting history on r/birdswitharms and your old fanfiction-heavy livejournal are both one tiny math problem away from becoming public knowledge. That math problem is prime number factoring, and the new era of quantum computers may lay bare your indiscretions, as well as collapse the entire digital economy. Unless we get us some post-quantum cryptography post-haste. So, how close are we?

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One of the most bizarre proposals for life not as we know it doesn’t even use atoms. It proposes that fundamental kinks and defects in the fabric of the universe – cosmic strings beaded with magnetic monopoles – may evolve into complex structures, and even life, within stars. This idea was just published in Letters High Energy Physics Letters by physicists Luis Anchordoqui and Eugene Chudnovsky, and today on Space Time Journal Club we’re going to see how legit this actually is.

Can Self-Replicating Species Flourish in the Interior of a Star? Paper Link
http://journals.andromedapublisher.com/index.php/LHEP/article/view/166

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Kodak detected the first atomic bomb before anyone else figured it out. Then they made a deal not to tell anyone. Thanks to HBO Max, and their new show raised by Wolves for sponsoring this video! https://rb.gy/alghwn

Thanks to Uranium: Twisting the Dragon’s Tail for the opening clip: https://www.pbs.org/show/uranium-twisting-dragons-tail/

References:
Albuquerque Tribune Bulletin, July 16, 1945 – https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/albuquerque-tribune-bulletin-16-july-1945/

Webb, J. H. (1949). The fogging of photographic film by radioactive contaminants in cardboard packaging materials. Physical Review, 76(3), 375.

Julian Webb at Oak Ridge – Snavely, B. B. (1989). Julian H. Webb. PhT, 42(7), 87.https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.2811100

Radium in watch dials – https://www.epa.gov/radtown/radioactivity-antiques

A 1958 video about how Kodak film is made, noting the careful monitoring of radioactive contaminants – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qjBJOFImaU&t=597s&ab_channel=OwenMorgan

Radioactive fallout in 1951 – https://www.nytimes.com/1951/02/03/archives/increased-radiation-found-in-east-laid-to-atom-tests-held-harmless.html?searchResultPosition=20

1998 senate hearing – https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-105shrg44045/html/CHRG-105shrg44045.htm

Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1999. Exposure of the American People to Iodine-131 from Nevada Nuclear-Bomb Tests: Review of the National Cancer Institute Report and Public Health Implications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/6283. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation/i131-report-and-appendix

Baby Teeth Survey – Reiss, L. Z. (1961). Strontium-90 absorption by deciduous teeth. Science, 134(3491), 1669-1673.

Strontium 90 and Cancer rates – Gould, J. M., Sternglass, E. J., Sherman, J. D., Brown, J., McDonnell, W., & Mangano, J. J. (2000). Strontium-90 in deciduous teeth as a factor in early childhood cancer. International Journal of Health Services, 30(3), 515-539.

Wine forensics – Hubert, P., Perrot, F., Gaye, J., Médina, B., & Pravikoff, M. S. (2009). Radioactivity measurements applied to the dating and authentication of old wines. Comptes Rendus Physique, 10(7), 622–629. doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2009.08.007

Strontium 90 in forensics – Maclaughlin-Black, S. M., Herd, R. J., Willson, K., Myers, M., & West, I. E. (1992). Strontium-90 as an indicator of time since death: a pilot investigation. Forensic science international, 57(1), 51-56.

Research and Writing by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Jonny Hyman

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The great physicist Hermann Weyl once said: “My work always tried to unite the true with the beautiful, but when I had to choose one or the other, I usually chose the beautiful.” But is this actually good advice for doing physics?

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Pin-pricks in the celestial sphere, through which shines the light of heaven? Or gods and heroes looking down from their constellations? Or lights kindled above middle earth by Varda Elbereth and brightened with the dew of the trees of Valinor? Science has long pondered the mysteries of the stars. This is how we finally figured them out.

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Brandon labonte
Lucas Morgan

In a competitive world, tiny advantages can make all the difference. Get 10% off Snatoms with code ‘giveluck’ in the US: https://ve42.co/USA or International: https://snatoms.com
If you would like to receive Snatoms, submit the form here: https://ve42.co/getluck

Snatoms are also available on Amazon Prime in the US but with no discount code: https://ve42.co/Asnatoms

We have a tabletop game launching! Pledge your support now – https://ve42.co/KickStarterD

Huge thanks to Gene and Sam from Potato Jet for filming with me: https://ve42.co/potatojet

This video was inspired by and draws examples from the book “Success and Luck: Good Fortune and the Myth of Meritocracy” by Robert H. Frank

Special thanks to Patreon supporters (and to everyone who commented on an earlier version of this video):
Marc Forand, Robert Dickerson, Christian Stauffer, LoadTooSlow, Vincent, Lyvann Ferrusca, DALE HORNE, Alfred Wallace, Kevin Beavers, Arjun Chakroborty, Joar Wandborg, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Ron Neal, Donal Botkin

Animations by Ivy Tello