Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE

The first total solar eclipse in over 40 years is about to hit the United States. Get 15% off your next purchase at https://www.legalzoom.com/spacetime. LegalZoom is not a law firm or a substitute for the advice of an attorney. And be sure to check out Vanessa Hill’s documentary Mutant Menu https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrDM6Ic2xMM

You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime
Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi
Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Previous Episode:
Ancestor SImulations with Neil deGrasse Tyson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58

Get your eclipse glasses ready because the a total solar eclipse is an astronomical event unlike any other.

Written by Alexandra Yep and Matt O’Dowd
Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Graphics by Kurt Ross
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Comments answered by Matt:

Skiwi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z130cjxjkvbbv1vmq22uzdyhyoqthlhxa04

Bubbles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z134sddyfzfjwfjeq22kzb2wrmundt4la

Shiva Rajbhandari
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z134fnfpvlzpurfux23gfnfr5kbcjjcjr04

Jason 5499 5499
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z12vttuy0lups1b5q04cijiz2sbkjh1ydmc0k

CYN MMA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmVOV7xvl58&lc=z12dipegnm2jsbvxc04cjvjjlkektdi5wfc

Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters:

Big Bang
Shane Robinson
David Nicklas
Samuel Dean Jacintho

Quasar
Tambe Barsbay
Coolascats
Avan & Kyan Griggs
Max Levine

Hypernova
Science Via Markets
Chuck Zegar
Jordan Young
Ratfeast
John Hofmann
Joseph Salomone

Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters:
Justin Lloyd
Conor Dillon
Jared Moore
Michal-Peanut Karmi
Bernardo Higuera
Erik Stein
Daniel Lyons
Jade Bilkey
Kevin Warne
JJ Bagnell
J Rejc
Dylan Merida
Anthony Caridi
Avi Goldfinger
John Pettit
Shannan Catalano
Florian Stinglmayr
Yubo Du
Benoit Pagé-Guitard
Ronny Polonia
Nathan Leniz
Jessica Fraley
Kirk Mathews
Carl P. Corliss
Brandon labonte
David Crane
Greg Weiss

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE

Neil deGrasse Tyson sits down with Matt to discuss Ancestor Simulations. And check out Matt and Neil discussing how sure we are about our map of the universe https://youtu.be/6Ng1wwW6AeE You can subcribe to Startalk right here https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=startalkradio

You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime
Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi
Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Previous Episode:
The Boltzmann Brain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhy4Z_32kQo

The Oh My God Particle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osvOr5wbkUw

The idea that our reality is a simulation is not as far-fetched as you may think. Many philosophers, scientists and tech-billionaires are seriously considering not just the possibility but the high probability that our civilization may be a program being run by another, more advanced alien civilization.

Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Graphics by Kurt Ross
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Comments answer by Matt:

0xFFF1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osvOr5wbkUw&lc=z12lxde4hoyvhn4mi23sjnwjrwnljxe3m

KohuGaly
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhy4Z_32kQo&lc=z13miz0bsnbzfrkpi04cflm5ykuluxbzeug0k

Henry School
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhy4Z_32kQo&lc=z12av3hgurvuin2lo225gphqhwysj5lft

exurb1a
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhy4Z_32kQo&lc=z135gzlznojtjzitt23rxl1zmzi0gx3ha04

Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters:

Big Bang
Shane Robinson
David Nicklas
Samuel Dean Jacintho

Quasar
Tambe Barsbay
Coolascats
Avan & Kyan Griggs
Max Levine

Hypernova
Science Via Markets
Chuck Zegar
Craig Peterson
Jordan Young
Ratfeast
John Hofmann
Joseph Salomone

Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters:
Justin Lloyd
Conor Dillon
Jared Moore
Michal-Peanut Karmi
Bernardo Higuera
Erik Stein
Daniel Lyons
Jade Bilkey
Kevin Warne
JJ Bagnell
J Rejc
Dylan Merida
Anthony Caridi
Avi Goldfinger
John Pettit
Shannan Catalano
Florian Stinglmayr
Yubo Du
Benoit Pagé-Guitard
Ronny Polonia
Nathan Leniz
Jessica Fraley
Kirk Mathews
Carl P. Corliss
Brandon labonte
David Crane
Greg Weiss

In a zero-g plane I experimented with flames and slinkies with surprising results.
Check out e-penser’s video: http://ve42.co/EPzeroG
Check out Physicsgirl’s video: http://ve42.co/PGzeroG

Thanks to Novespace: http://ve42.co/novespace

Special thanks to Patreon Supporters:
Tony Fadell, Donal Botkin, Nick Luchsinger, Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen

The zero-g plane allows for a lot of experiments to be conducted without the expense of getting equipment into orbit. Apparently 80% of microgravity research can be performed in a zero-gravity plane, which is much cheaper than going to space. The flame from the lighter seemed much lazier in zero-g because without weight there is no buoyant force and therefore no convection. This makes the process of combustion more challenging because it’s difficult for oxygen to reach the fuel.

Music from the Epidemic Sound: http://ve42.co/epidemic
“Serene Story 2” “In Orbit 2”

I have the photic sneeze reflex so I sneeze when I look at bright light.
Check out 23andMe: http://ve42.co/23andme
*So technically the single nucleotide swap (C instead of T) is not actually in a gene per se but in an intergenic region on chromosome 2. It’s also not clear exactly how this affects physiology or causes the sun sneeze but there is correlative evidence that every copy of this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is associated with a 1.3x increase in likelihood of having the photic sneeze reflex.

I have wanted to make a video about sun-sneezing for a long time. It is something I’ve experienced my whole life. When I go from a dark room indoors into full sunlight I invariably sneeze. I thought everyone did it. So my original question was why do people sneeze when they see bright light? That led me to consider what possible evolutionary advantages there could be to sneezing in sunlight. The obvious advantage to me is that sunlight kills pathogens of which there may be many in your snot or mucus. So sneezing in sunshine is a much better idea than sneezing inside a dark, damp cave where you may be living.

For more info, check out:
Web-Based, Participant-Driven Studies Yield Novel Genetic Associations for Common Traits
http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000993

Filmed by Raquel Nuno

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE

Was an incredible drop in entropy responsible for the Big Bang? If that’s the case, this would lead us to conclude that a great many other things are possible, including the likelihood that you are a Boltzmann Brain. Try The Great Courses Plus at http://ow.ly/4anY30acloO

You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime
Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi
Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Previous Episode:
The Oh My God Particle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osvOr5wbkUw

The second Law of Thermodynamics tells us that everything moves towards a state of greater entropy, but it is low entropy that enables galaxies, stars, planets and human beings. The lowest entropy state that we’re aware of in our universe was right before the Big Bang. The entirety of our own universe was condensed to a microscopic size. What caused this extreme low entropy? If it was caused by a random fluctuation in particles that implies that a great many other things are possible due to the random fluctuations of particles. One of the strangest of those possibilities is that of the Boltzmann Brain. If the Big Bang was caused by random entropic fluctuations then it is much more likely you are a Boltzmann Brain than that you are a human being.

Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Graphics by Kurt Ross
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

The Great Courses Plus is currently available to watch through a web browser to almost anyone in the world and optimized for the US market. The Great Courses Plus is currently working to both optimize the product globally and accept credit card payments globally.

Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters:

Big Bang
Shane Robinson
David Nicklas
Samuel Dean Jacintho

Quasar
Tambe Barsbay
Luna IT Solutions
Coolascats
Avan & Kyan Griggs
Max Levine

Hypernova
Science Via Markets
Chuck Zegar
Craig Peterson
Jordan Young
Ratfeast
John Hofmann

Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters:
Justin Lloyd
Conor Dillon
Jared Moore
Michal-Peanut Karmi
Bernardo Higuera
Erik Stein
Daniel Lyons
Jade Bilkey
Kevin Warne
JJ Bagnell
J Rejc
Dylan Merida
Amy Jie
Anthony Caridi
Avi Goldfinger
John Pettit
Shannan Catalano
Florian Stinglmayr
Yubo Du
Benoit Pagé-Guitard
Ronny Polonia
Nathan Leniz
Jessica Fraley
Kirk Mathews
Loro Lukic
Carl P. Corliss
Brandon labonte
David Crane
Greg Weiss
Eric Jackson

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE

In 1991 a single atomic nucleus slammed into our atmosphere with the intensity of a macroscopic object. It’s been named The Oh-My-God particle. Get your first two months of CuriosityStream free by going to http://curiositystream.com/spacetime and using the promo code “spacetime”.

You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime
Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi
Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Referenced Videos:
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tCMd1ytvWg

Previous Episode:
Telescopes on the Moon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHjiXTlFSSM

Cosmic rays aren’t actually rays at all, but atomic nuclei traveling at close to the speed of light. Typically they are low in energy and are easily deflected by other particles, but on rare occasions an incredibly powerful atomic nuclei strikes the Earth’s surface. The largest of these was the Oh My God Particle.

Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Graphics by Kurt Ross
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Comments answered by Matt:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHjiXTlFSSM&lc=z13vt3nb3ybdg3ok223kwrmq3nvyv3eyk04

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHjiXTlFSSM&lc=z120zr0rfyi4c335i04cd3sr2wahunehijc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHjiXTlFSSM&lc=z13as1sgjrn1vjb1122yubbjpujodtbua

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHjiXTlFSSM&lc=z12lhfop2y3hitytz23ien34snzztvng104

Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters:

Big Bang
Shane Robinson
David Nicklas

Quasar
Tambe Barsbay
Luna IT Solutions
Coolascats
Avan & Kyan Griggs
Max Levine

Hypernova
Science Via Markets
Chuck Zegar
Craig Peterson
Jordan Young
Ratfeast
John Hofmann

Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters:
Conor Dillon
Jared Moore
Michal-Peanut Karmi
Bernardo Higuera
Erik Stein
Daniel Lyons
Jade Bilkey
Kevin Warne
JJ Bagnell
J Rejc
Michael Fischer
Dylan Merida
Amy Jie
Anthony Caridi
Avi Goldfinger
John Pettit
Shannan Catalano
Florian Stinglmayr
Yubo Du
Benoit Pagé-Guitard
Ronny Polonia
Nathan Leniz
Jessica Fraley
Kirk Mathews
Loro Lukic
Carl P. Corliss
Brandon labonte
David Crane
Greg Weiss
Eric Jackson

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE

Here’s how you can get involved:
1. Tell us what you love about public media using #IlovePBS
2. Learn more about public media at http://pbs.org/value.
3. Find your representative at https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE

Find out about China’s current telescope on the moon and what the future plans are for mounting larger telescopes on the lunar surface. And try 23andMe at http://23andme.com/spacetime

You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime
Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi
Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime

If you missed it on April 1st – Here’s the new Space Time Theme Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EG3SjurCgrA

Referenced Videos:
Telescopes of Tomorrow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CoQE5J346mU

Previous Episode:
How Time Becomes Space Inside a Black Hole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KePNhUJ2reI

Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Written by Alexandra Yep and Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Graphics by Grayson Blackmon
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Comments answered by Matt:
Feynstein 100
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KePNhUJ2reI&lc=z13bd5eqysauzh04104cgtoghljatf0isjs

NuclearCraft Mod
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KePNhUJ2reI&lc=z13dxviqgsuifduxh04cebjzdxyicl2pthw

AntiTwister – Reddit Thread –
https://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime/comments/62exk3/how_time_becomes_space_inside_a_black_hole/

Nezar Chahdi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KePNhUJ2reI&lc=z12xwrmiepethnkkx22dxjmqfzuyyrj3f

Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters:

Big Bang
Shane Robinson
David Nicklas

Quasar
Tambe Barsbay
Luna IT Solutions
Max Levine
Avan & Kyan Griggs
CoolAsCats
Justin Lloyd

Hypernova
Chuck Zegar
Craig Peterson
Jordan Young
Ratfeast
John Hofmann
Science via Markets

Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters:
Anthony Cormac
Jared Moore
Michal-Peanut Karmi
Bernardo Higuera
Erik Stein
Daniel Lyons
Jade Bilkey
Kevin Warne
JJ Bagnell
J Rejc
Michael Fischer
Dylan Merida
Amy Jie
Anthony Caridi
John Pettit
Avi Goldfinger
Shannan Catalano
Florian Stinglmayr
Yubo Du
Benoit Pagé-Guitard
Ronny Polonia
Nathan Leniz
Jessica Fraley
Kirk Mathews
Loro Lukic
Carl P. Corliss
Brandon labonte
David Crane
Greg Weiss
Eric Jackson

Bayes’ theorem explained with examples and implications for life.
Check out Audible: http://ve42.co/audible
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://ve42.co/patreon

I didn’t say it explicitly in the video, but in my view the Bayesian trap is interpreting events that happen repeatedly as events that happen inevitably. They may be inevitable OR they may simply be the outcome of a series of steps, which likely depend on our behaviour. Yet our expectation of a certain outcome often leads us to behave just as we always have which only ensures that outcome. To escape the Bayesian trap, we must be willing to experiment.

Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Tony Fadell, Jeff Straathof, Donal Botkin, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen, Saeed Alghamdi

Useful references:
The Signal and the Noise, Nate Silver
The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes’ Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy, by Sharon Bertsch McGrayne

Bayes’ theorem or rule (there are many different versions of the same concept) has fascinated me for a long time due to its uses both in mathematics and statistics, and to solve real world problems. Bayesian inference has been used to crack the Enigma Code and to filter spam email. Bayes has also been used to locate the wreckage from plane crashes deep beneath the sea.

Music from http://epidemicsound.com “Flourishing Views 3”

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE

Find out how time and space switch roles when we move beyond the event horizon of the black hole. And try Crunchyroll at https://www.crunchyroll.com/spacetime

You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime
Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi
Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime

Referenced Videos:

What Happens at the Event Horizon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mht-1c4wc0Q&t=48s

The Phantom Singularity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-q7EvLhOK08

The Geometry of Causality
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YFrISfN7jo

Previous Episode:
Superluminal Time Travel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUMGc8hEkpc

Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Graphics by Grayson Blackmon
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Comments answered by Matt:
Colin Brown
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5l1KxgHH2Ek&lc=z13ngfyxvvq5ivsys04cfxaz1pezv51ribs

Feynstein 100
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5l1KxgHH2Ek&lc=z13bjxuafpqnckzkktncsv2yhmq0xkzk

Dankulous Memelord III
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3RPD2BWHliH5QJrGl-XYlw

Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters:

Big Bang
Shane Robinson
David Nicklas

Quasar
Tambe Barsbay
Luna IT Solutions
Max Levine
Avan & Kyan Griggs
CoolAsCats
Justin Lloyd

Hypernova
Chuck Zegar
Craig Peterson
Jordan Young
Ratfeast
John Hofmann
Science via Markets

Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters:
Anthony Cormac
Jared Moore
Michal-Peanut Karmi
Bernardo Higuera
Erik Stein
Daniel Lyons
Jade Bilkey
Kevin Warne
JJ Bagnell
J Rejc
Michael Fischer
Dylan Merida
Amy Jie
Anthony Caridi
Avi Goldfinger
Shannan Catalano
Florian Stinglmayr
Yubo Du
Benoit Pagé-Guitard
Ronny Polonia
Nathan Leniz
Jessica Fraley
Kirk Mathews
Loro Lukic
Carl P. Corliss
Brandon labonte
David Crane
Greg Weiss
Eric Jackson
Xaera