Asteroids incoming!

Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime
Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

When it comes to dangerous asteroids striking Earth, it’s not a matter of if, it’s a matter of when. We have begun to track projectiles large enough to destroy our planet, and we are in the clear for the foreseeable future. However, there are countless asteroids large enough to take out an entire city that we cannot see. Matthew O’Dowd goes over our defensive options in this week’s episode of Space Time!

Further Reading:
_______________________

B612 and the Sentinel mission:
http://sentinelmission.org/

NASA’s Near Earth Object program, with links to contributing international search programs:
http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/

The Hypervelocity Asteroid Impact Vehicle:
https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2012_phaseII_fellows_wie.html#.VkzwkmSrT1o

Comments:
_______________________

William George
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJONS7sqi0o&lc=z13aullhftejgbnpn04cg3vgztnesntrkws0k

794651519 cly
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJONS7sqi0o&lc=z12pfx5ieluufv5av04chdgykknbc31xpw40k

Sam Shields
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJONS7sqi0o&lc=z13rxb1xjwjyffiju04cjzkz1w25f52rqtk0k

DivShadow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJONS7sqi0o&lc=z13tulsy1zvzztj0u22wilmgfy2yy1lod04

You are the planet’s only hope! Solve the equation and save humanity. Find necessary information below.

Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime
Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Assumption: You have a state-of-the-art pulsed fusion rocket engine capable of exhaust velocities of 500 km/s

Important Fact #1: Your spaceship must fly ahead of the asteroid at a distance of 1 times the asteroid’s radius, 325m above the surface or 650m from the center of mass

Important Fact #2: The thrusters on this spacecraft are angled so that the ship’s propellant just misses a “spherical” Apophis.

You’ll need the rocket equation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation

You do not need Calculus

Make sure you title your email: “Spacetime Killer Asteroid Challenge”

Good luck!

I’ve created an educational product to help people learn chemistry!
You can buy it here: http://www.snatoms.com

Seems like Aliens SHOULD Be Out There!

Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://pbsspacetime.com/

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

With millions of Earth like planets around sun like stars in our galaxy alone, why don’t we see intelligent alien life? Or any other life for that matter? It gets especially weird when you factor in new scientific revelations that life on Earth occurred crazy fast! So if you want to help us theorize on the real reasons we haven’t found alien life, you should watch today’s episode of Space Time!

Is It Irrational to Believe in Aliens
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAU9ofjcx-Y

5 Real Possibilities for Interstellar Travel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU

Comments:
_______________________
Ray Vertti
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94ed4v_T6YM&lc=z131v34x5njqx1tu223ifh5g0lf3ipehj04

Eric Vilas
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94ed4v_T6YM&lc=z13wxnwbmpu1xxad4223dzdzanq3tjmbn04

solution 99x
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94ed4v_T6YM&lc=z13kwngxlpnox3chw04chnfzjlraztlast00k

SirNate
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94ed4v_T6YM&lc=z13kwngxlpnox3chw04chnfzjlraztlast00k

References:
_______________________
On The History and Future of Cosmic Planet Formation
Behroozi & Peeples 2015, http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.01202
http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/most-earth-like-worlds-have-yet-to-be-born-according-to-theoretical-study

Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon
Bell et al. 2015
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.abstract

Is mankind capable of achieving warp speed?

Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime
Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Inspired by Gene Roddenberry’s Star Trek, physicist Miguel Alcubierre set out to transform one of the cornerstones of science fiction iconography, the Warp Drive, into reality. But is it even possible? Can we “warp” the fabric of reality so that we can break the speed of light? And why is NASA actually exploring this potentiality? Join Matt on this week’s episode to learn the physics of what’s physically possible!

“What Happens At The Edge of the Universe”:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwwIFcdUFrE

—————————————-­­———

COMMENTS:

Renato Grigoli (Chopin)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Tstyqz2g7o&lc=z12rc15qaqynfjuyo04cefsiomezc32hm0g

psantochi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Tstyqz2g7o&lc=z130zhkbkkbfgbrdd23qz1twqyqlfzflq

MrSh1pman
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Tstyqz2g7o&lc=z12utvsankqryxov022pcpaxuqifg1hwn04

Tenebrae
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Tstyqz2g7o&lc=z12etzi4azrbiri4k04ccdxhuufvuvkomd0

Un Disclosed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Tstyqz2g7o&lc=z13jdpchdnzudxmwn04ch3fb0kqgtb1xr2w

Simon Martin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Tstyqz2g7o&lc=z121dldrsnaxunuh404cdhlwdsytfjiaabk

—————————————-­­———

REFERENCES:

Alcubierre 1994
http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0009013

Krasnikov 1995
http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9511068

Van Den Broeck 1999
http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9906050

Krasnikov 2002
http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0207057

Harold White, Warp Field Mechanics 101
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20110015936.pdf

Harold White, Warp Field Mechanics 102
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20130011213.pdf

—————————————-­­———

Let us know what topics you want to learn more about:http://bit.ly/spacetimepoll

Has the last great prediction of Einstein’s general relativity finally been verified?

Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime
Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

For the past 90 years, the predictions laid out Einstein’s general theory of relativity have continued to be confirmed by experimental science. The last hold out is gravitational waves – the idea that certain gravitational events cause actual ripples in Spacetime. The problem is that the effects are almost beyond microscopic, so they are incredibly hard to detect. But have scientist done it? Have gravitational waves finally been directly observed??? Watch the episode to find out.

Gravitational Waves Extra Credit:

Nature article on rumor:
http://www.nature.com/news/has-giant-ligo-experiment-seen-gravitational-waves-1.18449

Lawrence Krauss’ tweet:
https://twitter.com/LKrauss1/status/647510799678750720

Comments:
Eshan Das
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU&lc=z12ueztykoiusb4ra04cc5hy4zz1dnkwujw

NOBUNAGA1991
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU&lc=z13ji1objvn4cdas223lib3wzmnvhvc5e04

aaroNiGHTS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU&lc=z12uhtdayxj2jpveu22bttlivovqtxmos04

Tim Pipp
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU&lc=z12ydpwphkq1xr2fy22yj1pasqq2yvyfi

Marse Petrarse
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU&lc=z12pyr1jtwywsr0vv22gsbnz1oi4xbsia04

Procyon Beta
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU&lc=z125spnzlzjdfn1w504ciplq0pfhy5ujxpg0k

dentoncrimescene
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU&lc=z13gjl0hbrzut33bl04cj3rzetfvutkgiyg0k

Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime
Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com
Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime
Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

The prospect of interstellar travel is no longer sci-fi. It COULD be achievable within our lifetime! But, how would an interstellar rocket-ship work? On this week’s episode of Space Time, Matt talks options for interstellar travel – from traditional rocket fuel to antimatter drives, could we travel to other star systems? Watch this episode of Space Time to find out!

“Quantum Entanglement & Spooky Action at a Distance”:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuvK-od647c

“The Real Meaning of E=Mc²”:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xo232kyTsO0

“Could You Fart Your Way To The Moon”:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaN0xg2VQSo

“The Speed of Light is NOT About Light”:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msVuCEs8Ydo

—————————————-­­———

COMMENTS:

andrea papone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msVuCEs8Ydo&lc=z12wh5ajgo3njhg4u04cdnkbut3kyrg4nl00k

Jai Kalra
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msVuCEs8Ydo&lc=z12guj5w0k2yvhqws04cib4rtwmmj1ix0zo0k

RedStefan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msVuCEs8Ydo&lc=z12ac5iogm3pjf1mq22vgr4ify2puf0wr04

TheColonel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msVuCEs8Ydo&lc=z13nwvgr5wa1ubto004cfrg44vubhrarca0

Tyler Hamilton
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msVuCEs8Ydo&lc=z12utzqokkzsx1rxu04cgpgpomjscboohsg0k

—————————————-­­———

Let us know what topics you want to learn more about:http://bit.ly/spacetimepoll

Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://pbsspacetime.com/

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

The speed of light is often cited as the fastest anything can travel in our universe. While this might be true, the speed of light is the EFFECT and not the CAUSE of this phenomenon. So what’s the cause? On this week’s episode of Space Time, Matt helps explain what the speed of light REALLY is and why it’s the cosmic speed limit of our universe!

“The Real Meaning of E=mc²”:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xo232kyTsO0

“Are Space And Time An Illusion?”:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YycAzdtUIko

—————————————-­­———

SOURCES:

Einstein’s derivation or the Lorentz transformation from the invariant speed of light:
Einstein, Albert (1916) “Relativity: The Special and General Theory”
http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924011804774#page/n159/mode/2up

Lorentz Transformation without invariant speed of light, from relativity, isotropy, and consistency of frame transitions (closure group postulate):
von Ignatowsky, “Das Relativitatsprinzip,” Archiv der Mathematik und Physik 17, 1–24 (1911)

Berzi1 & Gorini, J. Math. Phys. 10, 1518 (1969)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1665000

Pelissetto & Testa, American Journal of Physics, 83, 338, (2015) “Getting the Lorentz transformations without requiring an invariant speed”
http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.02423

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivations_of_the_Lorentz_transformations

—————————————-­­———

COMMENTS:

Denny Hiu
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwwIFcdUFrE&lc=z124w3dhotmtx34lk224wzxyhwqufdefe

. (RadimaxRadimaX)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwwIFcdUFrE&lc=z124xv145zzkzpiei233spnqjzraejjig04

Epsilon Lazerface
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwwIFcdUFrE&lc=z12fv5ejyzyyc1dbv04cgzhyxknfzdnjcao

LassieDog999
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwwIFcdUFrE&lc=z12zz13iezrqh142k23kitgxuqjqy35su

Tenebrae
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwwIFcdUFrE&lc=z134yj2pcvrkhnu4u04ccdxhuufvuvkomd0

—————————————-­­———

REFERENCES:

Krauss & Scherrer 2007 http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.0221

Vardanyan, Trotta & Silk, 2011 http://arxiv.org/abs/1101.5476

—————————————-­­———

Let us know what topics you want to learn more about:http://bit.ly/spacetimepoll

Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetime

Check out the Space Time Merch Store
https://pbsspacetime.com/

Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

Lots of people believe the Universe is infinite, but there’s a good possibility that might not be the case. Which means that there would be an actual edge of the Universe. What happens at that edge? Is there a restaurant? Join Matt on this week’s episode of Space Time as he explores the greatest expanses of our Universe. So what do you find when you reach the edge? More Universe? Bubble Universes? Back where you started?! Check out this episode of Space Time to find out!

Measuring The Size of The Universe:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXfhGxZFcVE

Space Used To Be Orange:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tCMd1ytvWg

—————————————-­­———

COMMENTS:

Squishina
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3rgl-_a5C0&lc=z130vh1yaynszzt3y22ixvba5zazinoj204

shadowmax889
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3rgl-_a5C0&lc=z13ptl1hwkujhnv3o23tx1qyiu2xdxyxl04

MrLewooz
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3rgl-_a5C0&lc=z13nd5lpupycwdv3w22hjruqrpnyjj3qs04

izvarzone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3rgl-_a5C0&lc=z12jize5xo3luluvj22vet1ynz2cwh0hu04

—————————————-­­———

REFERENCES:

Krauss & Scherrer 2007 http://arxiv.org/abs/0704.0221

Vardanyan, Trotta & Silk, 2011 http://arxiv.org/abs/1101.5476

—————————————-­­———

Let us know what topics you want to learn more about:http://bit.ly/spacetimepoll

Stained glass is thicker at the bottom – so is it a liquid? Earth’s mantle enables plate tectonics, so is it a liquid?
Check out Audible: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe
Sign up for the mailing list: http://www.veritasium.com
Pitch drop experiment: http://www.thetenthwatch.com

Thanks to Meg Rosenburg for scripting and animation, Raquel Nuno for filming and Aaron White for script consultation.