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Zero-Point Energy Demystified

November 8, 2017 / / 0 Comments

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Let’s talk about the mysterious zero-point energy and what it really can, and really can’t do.

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Previous Episode:
The Vacuum Challenge | Space Time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6jAOV7bZ3Y

The quantum field theory predicts that there exists an energy of the vacuum resulting from the non-zero zero-point energies of the quantum fields that fill our universe. As we discussed in our last episode on the vacuum catastrophe, this mismatch between the measured and theoretical values of vacuum energy is one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics.

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The Vacuum Catastrophe

November 3, 2017 / / 0 Comments

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If vacuum energy really does have the enormous value predicted by quantum field theory then our gently expanding, geometrically flat universe shouldn’t exist. This is the vacuum catastrophe.

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Let’s talk about vacuum energy from a theoretical standpoint. From the perspective of quantum field theory, every point in space is represented by a quantum oscillator; one for each elementary particle type. Higher energy oscillations represent the presence of real particles. However even the lowest possible energy oscillation – the one corresponding to the absence of particles – has some energy.

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The Missing Mass Mystery

October 25, 2017 / / 0 Comments

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For years, astronomers have been unable to find up to half of the baryonic matter in the universe. We may just have solved this problem.

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Dark Matter!
https://youtu.be/z3rgl-_a5C0

Dark Energy Playlist
https://youtu.be/xZTb6sfHEX8?list=PLsPUh22kYmNA6WUmOsEEi32zi_RdSUF4i

We’ve known for some time that around 95% of the energy content of the universe is in dark matter and dark energy. This dark sector doesn’t interact with light in any way and so is invisible to us. The remaining 5% – the light sector – represents all of the regular matter in the universe. Yet what if I told you that all of the stars and galaxies and galaxy clusters only comprise 10% of the light sector. The rest has proved as elusive as the dark sector. We think it must exist as extremely diffuse gas in between the galaxies, yet our intense searches miss up to half of it. At least until now.

Resources
Graaff et al. 2017, “Missing Baryons in the Cosmic Web Revealed by the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect”
https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.10378v1

Tanimura et al. 2017, “A Search for Warm/Hot Gas Filaments Between Pairs of SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies”
https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.05024

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The Nature of Nothing | Space Time

October 19, 2017 / / 0 Comments

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It turns out that “nothing” is one of the most interesting somethings in all of physics. Signup for your free trial to The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/OOOp30beNyt

Note: There is a correction in this video that has been addressed in the pinned comment below.

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How do we study nothing? An empty jar still contains something: molecules of air and a bath of infrared light from its warm environment. But what if we suck out every last molecule of air, chill the jar to absolute zero, and shield it from all external radiation? The jar would contain only empty space, but it turns out that empty space is far from nothing.

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Absolute Cold | Space Time

October 11, 2017 / / 0 Comments

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Resources:
Absolute Zero:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero

Zero-Point Energy:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy

Bose-Einstein Condensate:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose-Einstein_condensate

Alfred Leitner’s Superfluid Liquid Helium:
http://alfredleitner.com/superfluid.html

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Many experimental physicists have spent their careers trying to cool things to absolute zero. This state of absolute cold is the zero-point on the Kelvin temperature scale, corresponding to -273.15 Celsius. Using lasers and magnetic fields, we’ve now managed to cool certain substances to less than a billionth of a Kelvin. Doing so has revealed some bizarre quantum states of matter. But quantum mechanics may also prevent us from ever reaching absolute zero. Understanding the limit to cold will lead us to an understanding of the nature of the quantum vacuum itself.

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When Quasars Collide STJC

October 5, 2017 / / 0 Comments

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So what happens when two Super Massive Black Holes collide? We may be about to find out, because astronomers have spotted a pair of them in a close binary orbit for the very first time.

This episode of Space Time Journal Club discusses:
“A candidate sub-parsec binary black hole in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 7674”, Kharb, Lal & Merritt 2017
https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.06258

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How to Build a Black Hole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx4562gesw0

Why Quasars are so Awesome
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In this video, we discuss the reports about the detection of a pair of supermassive black holes orbiting only one light year apart from each other. Studying the dance of these giants should tell us a ton about how black holes grow. This paper was just published in Nature Astronomy by Preeti Kharb and Dharam Vir Lal from India’s National Center for Radio Astrophysics, and David Merritt from the Rochester Institute of Technology.

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Are the Fundamental Constants Changing?

September 28, 2017 / / 0 Comments

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Recent findings suggest that the fundamental constants might not be as stable as we assumed. And be sure to signup for your free trial of The Great Courses Plus at http://ow.ly/rcsA30beNw1

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Previous Episode:
The Future of Space Telescopes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kL81uuYW9BY&t=40s

Webb et al. 1998, A Search for Time Variation of the Fine Structure Constant
https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9803165

Webb et al. 2011, A Search for Time Variation of the Fine Structure Constant
https://arxiv.org/abs/1008.3907

Martins & Pinho 2016, Stability of Fundamental Couplings: a Global Analysis
https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.08724

The laws of physics are the same everywhere in the universe. At least we astrophysicists hope so. After all, it’s hard to unravel the complexities of distant parts of the universe if we don’t know the basic rules. But what if this is wrong? There is a hint of evidence that the fundamental constants that govern our universe may evolve over time, and even from one location to another.

Written by Graeme Gossel and Matt O’Dowd
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Edmund Fokschaner
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Matthew O’Connor

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The Future of Space Telescopes

September 20, 2017 / / 0 Comments

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The mysteries of our universe seem limitless. However to unlock them, we’re going to need some incredible technologies to peer deeper and more sharply into space time.

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The Kepler mission has determined that terrestrial planets – that is, rocky planets like our Earth are extremely common, and may orbit most stars in the Milky Way. But these planets are extremely difficult to directly image because they’re dense and small. Our Sun is about ten billion times brighter than Earth. Train a distant telescope on us, and it will be overwhelmed by the Sun’s rays. So how can we find terrestrial planets around stars light years away?

Written by Alex Yep and Matt O’Dowd
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Neutron Stars Collide in New LIGO Signal?

September 13, 2017 / / 0 Comments

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LIGO may have just detected gravitational waves from the collision of two Neutron Stars. And go to http://curiositystream.com/spacetime
for two months of free Curiosity Stream. Use the promo code “spacetime” during the sign-up process.

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Links to the videos mentioned:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gw-i_VKd6Wo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Tstyqz2g7o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJ2RNBAFLj0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx4562gesw0&t=71

Last year LIGO announced the detection of gravitational waves from the merger of two black holes. The science world went a little crazy. Only a few weeks ago a new rumour emerged: that LIGO had, for the first time, spotted gravitational waves from the collision of a pair of neutron stars. If it’s true, some long-standing astrophysical mysteries are about to be unlocked.

Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Graphics by Kurt Ross
Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters:

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CoolAsCats
David Nicklas
Richard Senegor

Quasar
Tambe Barsbay
Max Levine
Mayank M. Mehrota
Mars Yentur
Mark Rosenthal
Dean Fuqua

Hypernova
Edmund Fokschaner
Max Levine
Eugene Lawson
Chuck Zegar
Jordan Young
Ratfeast
John Hofmann
Joseph Salomone
Martha Hunt
Craig Peterson
Barry Hatfield
Matthew O’Connor

Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters:
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Chris Hicks
Mark Vasile
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Bernardo Higuera
Erik Stein
Daniel Lyons
Kevin Warne
JJ Bagnell
J Rejc
Amy Jie
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Shannan Catalano
Florian Stinglmayr
Yubo Du
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Loro Lukic
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White Holes | Space Time

August 30, 2017 / / 0 Comments

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Black holes are very well known but… What is a White Hole?
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Previous Episode:
https://youtu.be/OfOuBx6XW3Q

Black Hole Playlist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNaEBbFbvcY&list=PLsPUh22kYmNBl4h0i4mI5zDflExXJMo_x

How Time Becomes Space Inside a Black Hole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KePNhUJ2reI

Are You a Boltzmann Brain?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhy4Z_32kQo

Lurking in the depths of the mathematics of Einstein’s general relativity is an object even stranger than the mysterious black hole. In fact it’s the black hole’s mirror twin, the white hole. Some even think that these could be the origin of our universe.

Written by Drew Rosen and Matt O’Dowd
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