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Are We Alone? Galactic Civilization Challenge

The Drake Equation tells us the likelihood that there are other advanced technological civilizations waiting for us among the stars. In this episode of Space Time we challenge you to use the Drake Equation to help us determine how near or far these alien races may be. Links to reference material below.

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Everything we’ve learned about our universe tells us that it is very unlikely we are alone. Frank Drake and his Drake Equation compute exactly how unlikely this is. The answer may surprise you.

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

A New Empirical Constraint on the Prevalence of Technological Species in the Universe
Adam Frank & W.T. Sullivan III
https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.08837

The Drake Equation
http://www.seti.org/drakeequation

G-type stars within 100 light years
http://www.solstation.com/stars3/100-gs.htm

Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars
Erik A. Petigura, Andrew W. Howard, Geoffrey W. Marcy
https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.6806

The Kepler Sample
http://kepler.nasa.gov/science/about/targetFieldOfView/

Planet Hunters X. KIC 8462852 – Where’s the Flux?
Tabby. S. Boyajian, et al.
https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.03622

Life on Europa?

The Hubble Telescope found more evidence of vast plumes of water bursting through the icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa. What does this tell us about the potential for life on Europa?

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Previous Episode
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tafGL02EUOA

New findings have increased the likelihood that there is a vast ocean lying under the surface of Europa. Jupiter’s moon is emerging as one of the most likely places in our solar system to find life. Why do we think Europa is such a good bet for extra-terrestrial life? What would might that life look-like? And how soon will we be able to confirm this?

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Attributions:
Hydrothermal Vents:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1koFEKfmLw

Winter Flounder – Antifreeze Protein
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/ngl/ngl.do?pdbid=4KE2&bionumber=1

Sky Whale:
Hypothetical advanced underwater life such as might exist in Europa’s ocean.
Image: © Adolf Schaller
http://www.planetary.org/connect/our-experts/profiles/adolf-schaller.html

Comment Links:
Sandy Crotch
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tafGL02EUOA&lc=z13stvaxbkqcw11xv04ccnj5luy1gjyplu40k

Daniel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tafGL02EUOA&lc=z12yihmivuf4j30v023vfppbkxfdglidp

David21686
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tafGL02EUOA&lc=z13utpg5xq3ce5pgr04cdr15smqhzliy4dw

Quantum Entanglement and the Great Bohr-Einstein Debate | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

For those of you in New York City you can check out Matt live at PBS Nerd Night at the NYC YouTube Space on Thursday night September 22nd. Hope to see you there. to.pbs.org/nerdnight

Albert Einstein strongly disagreed with Niels Bohr when it came to Bohr’s interpretation of quantum mechanics. Quantum entanglement settled the argument once and for all.

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Previous Episode – Self-Replicating Robots and Galactic Domination
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H55wybU3rI

Veritasium’s video Quantum Entanglement and Spooky Action at a Distance at 7:36
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuvK-od647c

How the Quantum Eraser Rewrites the Past at 8:41
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ORLN_KwAgs

Einstein argued that elementary particles maintained their intrinsic values whether they were being observed or not. Bohr believed that in observing such particles we collapsed a wave function of probabilities. He asserted that it is only when these wave functions collapse that one of many probabilities is chosen and the particles take on distinct values. Quantum entanglement, John Stewart Bell and Alain Aspect eventually proved that Bohr was correct.

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd
Produced by Rusty Ward
Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Comments:

Borne Stellar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H55wybU3rI&lc=z13kddtono20c1h2g22kx1brstvvsthus

Strofi Kornego
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H55wybU3rI&lc=z12vh34b2l2uxvagy04cg5swtqf0s3gb1o00k

Daniel Oberley
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H55wybU3rI&lc=z12rsv2yszi5td21w22aytvhxvagg1giz04

Self-Replicating Robots and Galactic Domination

To check out any of the lectures available from Great Courses Plus go to http://ow.ly/dweH302dILJ

We’ll soon be capable of building self-replicating robots. This will not only change humanity’s future but reshape the galaxy as we know it.

Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi
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Previous Episode – Is there a 5th Fundamental Force
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuvwcsfXIIo

Should we Build a Dyson Sphere?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jW55cViXu6s

Self-assembling robots are referred to as von Neumann machines after the man responsible for originally proposing them, John von Neumann. Since then, the potential of these machines and their ability to proliferate throughout known space has made galactic colonization seem not only possible but perhaps inevitable.

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

References:
von Neumann, John The Theory of Self-reproducing Automata, Urbana, IL: Univ. of Illinois Press. ed. A. Burks, 1966

Robert A. Freitas Jr., Ralph C. Merkle, Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX, 2004;
http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/KSRM.htm

Robo3D R1 printing an upgrade for itself
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1e_Bfo1fD3o

Is There a Fifth Fundamental Force? + Quantum Eraser Answer

Has a fifth fundamental force been discovered and how will this effect our understanding of the universe?

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Quantum Eraser Challenge
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Uzytrooz44

Previous Episode
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jW55cViXu6s

New Fundamental Particle Discovered
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFOgIijPWGY

A laboratory in Hungary has has witnessed a startlingly strange reaction between Beryllium-8 atoms. It seems to point to the existence of a fundamental force beyond the four we already know. And this new force may have something to do with dark matter.

Nature Article on Radioactive Decay Anomaly
http://www.nature.com/news/has-a-hungarian-physics-lab-found-a-fifth-force-of-nature-1.19957

The associated Feng et al. 2016 paper:
http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.07411

Krasznahorkay et al. 2015 first report the anomaly
https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.01527

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Challenge Winners:
Dana D
Michael Eby
Benjamin Midtvedt
Annabelle Strong
Mohamad Zeina
Gabriel Bean

Should We Build a Dyson Sphere? | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

To check out any of the lectures available from Great Courses Plus go to http://ow.ly/Y8lm303oKJe

SXSW Panel Picker Sign-up: https://t.co/1yvqpubJBD

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The Kepler telescope recently noticed a strange partial eclipse that some have speculated could be a Dyson Sphere. Are Dyson Sphere’s possible? Are they practical? What other alternatives to futuristic energy capture do we have to choose from? Why not a kugelblitz – a swarm of black hole powered engines?

Previous Episode
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Uzytrooz44

PBS Space Time’s Interstellar Travel Episode
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU

SciShow Kugelblitz episode
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNL1RN4eRR8

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Comments answered by Matt
David Stagg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ORLN_KwAgs&lc=z13netla4knhtbje5223uph5ptf3thhq104

Quantum Eraser Lottery Challenge

Matt challenges you to use quantum physics to win the lottery. Are you up to the task?

Previous Episode on Quantum Eraser https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ORLN_KwAgs

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The Quantum Eraser experiment seems to show that information can travel backwards in time. On today’s episode of Space Time, we are going to create a time-traveling communication device and use it to cheat on the lottery!

Here’s Your Challenge question:
Why am I going to be sadly disappointed after turning on my invention? I do get a signal – nice work future me – and that signal DOES contain the interference patterns from my future choices with perfect fidelity. But for some reason I can’t read the numbers. What went wrong?

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Challenge Answers
Submit your answers with full work to pbsspacetime@gmail.com for a chance to win a Space Time t-shirt.
Make sure you use the subject title “Quantum Eraser Challenge question” to be in the running. Submit answers before August 24, 2016.

How the Quantum Eraser Rewrites the Past | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

Try Audible: http://www.audible.com/spacetime

Causality is meant to move in one direction: forward. But the Quantum Eraser experiment seems to reverse causality. How and why can this happen and what are the implications of this experiment on how we understand Quantum Mechanics and our greater universe?

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A Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser
Kim, Yu, Kulik, Shih & Scully, 2000, Physical Review Letters v.84 p.1
http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9903047v1

Previous Episode on Can We Survive the Destruction of the Earth? ft. Neal Stephenson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE

Previous Episode on The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-MNSLsjjdo

Gamma Ray Bursts by In a Nutshell
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLykC1VN7NY

Episode written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Comments answered by Matt

MirceaKitsune
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z12vfjjhemf1sxi5104cir5g2kisylrwdqw0k

tsjoencinema
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z13axr1zmzygftjf522mwjaq5tyruty1p

Weapon Valhalla
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z133h3whrzi4sfqne23htd3hymjoylkyj04

Narigone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z12bftwgfk3wwp4ia04cc3ar2xiuvpvhnqw0k

TimmacTR
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z12nhp5qypb2ytnhq04cj11xwnn2ihyieag

kaleb tandberg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z122tp3ycsv4u3kd023tyz4wfsyzzzdvn

The deathless face of the unborn mind
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z12ptr35szykzf4gu04cjp3z0lmchvwwzrw0k

Error 404: Hodor Not Found
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmlwdUK4RE&lc=z12gefxxuufihh43t23pezs5ryalxjhbp04

Can We Survive the Destruction of the Earth? ft. Neal Stephenson

Science fiction author and futurist Neal Stephenson helps Matt determine what humanity needs to do in order to survive the destruction of our own planet. You can find Neal’s book Seveneves right here http://www.nealstephenson.com/seveneves.html

Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi
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What do we do to protect ourselves from extinction level events? And what if some of those events are unavoidable? Can we survive adrift in space? Find out in this episode of Space Time.

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Previous Episode
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-MNSLsjjdo

5 Ways to Stop a Killer Asteroid
https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_3145435923&feature=iv&src_vid=UjmlwdUK4RE&v=7_9vjPa3RBY

5 REAL Possibilities for Interstellar Travel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzZGPCyrpSU

Comments by:
vhsjpdfg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-MNSLsjjdo&lc=z130tb3p4qevjnx4b04cehcilubxjvaoqp40k

Farzher
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-MNSLsjjdo&lc=z13rtvkygtazcn3sy22yu1kwayzyz34ie04

The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality | Space Time | PBS Digital Studios

The double slit experiment radically changed the way we understand reality. To check out any of the lectures available from The Great Courses Plus go to http://ow.ly/QVaz302duhX and get ready to learn about everything from cooking to calculus.

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https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime

Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
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https://pbsspacetime.com/

Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi
Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime
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Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g

The double slit experiment radically changed the way we understand reality. Find out what the ramifications of this experiment were and how we can use it to better comprehend our universe.

Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd

Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Previous Episode https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJ2RNBAFLj0

The Planck Length and the Origin of Quantum Mechanics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQSbms5MDvY

Veritasium and the Double Slit Experiment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzbKb59my3U

Is Quantum Tunneling Faster than Light?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IfmgyXs7z8

Comments by:

Jason Blank
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NqbRcwWwPw&lc=z13mhf0rcurtybftb23nf3yalruqvx2dm

Deisisase
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NqbRcwWwPw&lc=z13uifuzxlr3xvc1022ly1jo4uijfjhgj04

Bike Jake
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NqbRcwWwPw&lc=z13mcnhbglncgpbc122wgxsabw31xdvqw04

An Imposter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NqbRcwWwPw&lc=z12hyl5z4lvsjdihn04cgbhbsnnivhbgdqw0k

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